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The behavior and functions of embryonic microglia
Microglia are the resident immune cells of the central nervous system. Microglial progenitors are generated in the yolk sac during the early embryonic stage. Once microglia enter the brain primordium, these cells colonize the structure through migration and proliferation during brain development. Mi...
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Springer Singapore
2021
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8732885/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34537900 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12565-021-00631-w |
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author | Hattori, Yuki |
author_facet | Hattori, Yuki |
author_sort | Hattori, Yuki |
collection | PubMed |
description | Microglia are the resident immune cells of the central nervous system. Microglial progenitors are generated in the yolk sac during the early embryonic stage. Once microglia enter the brain primordium, these cells colonize the structure through migration and proliferation during brain development. Microglia account for a minor population among the total cells that constitute the developing cortex, but they can associate with many surrounding neural lineage cells by extending their filopodia and through their broad migration capacity. Of note, microglia change their distribution in a stage-dependent manner in the developing brain: microglia are homogenously distributed in the pallium in the early and late embryonic stages, whereas these cells are transiently absent from the cortical plate (CP) from embryonic day (E) 15 to E16 and colonize the ventricular zone (VZ), subventricular zone (SVZ), and intermediate zone (IZ). Previous studies have reported that microglia positioned in the VZ/SVZ/IZ play multiple roles in neural lineage cells, such as regulating neurogenesis, cell survival and neuronal circuit formation. In addition to microglial functions in the zones in which microglia are replenished, these cells indirectly contribute to the proper maturation of post-migratory neurons by exiting the CP during the mid-embryonic stage. Overall, microglial time-dependent distributional changes are necessary to provide particular functions that are required in specific regions. This review summarizes recent advances in the understanding of microglial colonization and multifaceted functions in the developing brain, especially focusing on the embryonic stage, and discuss the molecular mechanisms underlying microglial behaviors. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8732885 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | Springer Singapore |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-87328852022-01-18 The behavior and functions of embryonic microglia Hattori, Yuki Anat Sci Int Review Article Microglia are the resident immune cells of the central nervous system. Microglial progenitors are generated in the yolk sac during the early embryonic stage. Once microglia enter the brain primordium, these cells colonize the structure through migration and proliferation during brain development. Microglia account for a minor population among the total cells that constitute the developing cortex, but they can associate with many surrounding neural lineage cells by extending their filopodia and through their broad migration capacity. Of note, microglia change their distribution in a stage-dependent manner in the developing brain: microglia are homogenously distributed in the pallium in the early and late embryonic stages, whereas these cells are transiently absent from the cortical plate (CP) from embryonic day (E) 15 to E16 and colonize the ventricular zone (VZ), subventricular zone (SVZ), and intermediate zone (IZ). Previous studies have reported that microglia positioned in the VZ/SVZ/IZ play multiple roles in neural lineage cells, such as regulating neurogenesis, cell survival and neuronal circuit formation. In addition to microglial functions in the zones in which microglia are replenished, these cells indirectly contribute to the proper maturation of post-migratory neurons by exiting the CP during the mid-embryonic stage. Overall, microglial time-dependent distributional changes are necessary to provide particular functions that are required in specific regions. This review summarizes recent advances in the understanding of microglial colonization and multifaceted functions in the developing brain, especially focusing on the embryonic stage, and discuss the molecular mechanisms underlying microglial behaviors. Springer Singapore 2021-09-19 2022 /pmc/articles/PMC8732885/ /pubmed/34537900 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12565-021-00631-w Text en © The Author(s) 2021 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) . |
spellingShingle | Review Article Hattori, Yuki The behavior and functions of embryonic microglia |
title | The behavior and functions of embryonic microglia |
title_full | The behavior and functions of embryonic microglia |
title_fullStr | The behavior and functions of embryonic microglia |
title_full_unstemmed | The behavior and functions of embryonic microglia |
title_short | The behavior and functions of embryonic microglia |
title_sort | behavior and functions of embryonic microglia |
topic | Review Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8732885/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34537900 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12565-021-00631-w |
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