Self-assembled porphyrin polymer nanoparticles with NIR-II emission and highly efficient photothermal performance in cancer therapy

The development of new organic nanoagents with extremely high photothermal conversion efficiency and good biocompatibility has gained considerable attention in the area of photothermal cancer therapy. In this work, we designed and synthesized a new porphyrin polymer (P-PPor) with donor-acceptor (D-A) structure. P-PPor displayed intense absorbance in the near-infrared (NIR) region with the maximum peak around at 850 ​nm. Under excitation of 808 ​nm, P-PPor demonstrated the significant fluorescence in the NIR-II region (λ(max) ​= ​1015 ​nm), with the fluorescence quantum yield of 2.19%. Due to the presence of hydrophilic PEG chains and hydrophobic alkyl chains in the conjugated skeleton, the amphiphilic P-PPor could self-assemble into the nanoparticles (P-PPor NPs) with good dispersibility in water and enhanced absorption in the NIR region. Moreover, P-PPor NPs exhibited quenched fluorescence because of the aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) effect, resulting in the distinct photothermal effect. The photothermal conversion efficiency (PCE) of P-PPor NPs was measured as 66% under 808 ​nm laser irradiation, higher than most of PTT agents. The remarkable photothermal effect of P-PPor NPs was further demonstrated in vitro and in vivo using 4T1 tumor mode. Meanwhile, the NIR-II fluorescence imaging in vivo indicated the high distribution of P-PPor NPs in tumor site. These results suggested that P-PPor NPs could effectively damage the cancer cells in mice under 808 ​nm laser irradiation, and did not cause any obvious side effects after phototherapy. Thus, P-PPor NPs could be used as a potential agent in photothermal cancer therapy with high effectiveness and safety.