A city-level analysis of PM(2.5) pollution, climate and COVID-19 early spread in Spain

PURPUSE: The COVID-19 outbreak has escalated into the worse pandemic of the present century. The fast spread of the new SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus has caused devastating health and economic crises all over the world, with Spain being one of the worst affected countries in terms of confirmed COVID-19 cases and deaths per inhabitant. In this situation, the Spanish Government declared the lockdown of the country. METHODS: The variations of air pollution in terms of fine particulate matter (PM(2.5)) levels in seven representative cities of Spain are analyzed here considering the effect of meteorology during the national lockdown. The possible associations of PM(2.5) pollution and climate with COVID-19 accumulated cases were also analyzed. RESULTS: While the epidemic curve was flattened, the results of the analysis show that the 4-week Spanish lockdown significantly reduced the PM(2.5) levels in only one city despite the drastically reduced human activity. Furthermore, no associations between either PM(2.5) exposure or environmental conditions and COVID-19 transmission were found during the early spread of the pandemic. CONCLUSIONS: A longer period applying human activity restrictions is necessary in order to achieve significant reductions of PM(2.5) levels in all the analyzed cities. No effect of PM(2.5) pollution or weather on COVID-19 incidence was found for these pollutant levels and period of time. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: [Image: see text] SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40201-022-00786-2.