The relationship between health expenditure, CO(2) emissions, and economic growth in the BRICS countries—based on the Fourier ARDL model

In this paper, we use (Yilanci et al. 2020) Fourier autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model to study the correlation between health expenditures, CO(2) emissions, and GDP fluctuations in BRICS countries from 2000 to 2019. The Fourier ARDL model has the function of bootstrap repeated simulation calculations, so that small samples can also achieve the advantages of finer inspection results. In this paper, we find that in the long term, Brazil and China are countries that both have cointegration relationships in health expenditure, CO(2) emissions, and economic growth. With CO(2) emissions as the dependent variable and health expenditure and economic growth as independent variables, in the short term, there is a negative causal relationship between India’s CO(2) emissions and health expenditure; other countries only show the relationship between CO(2) emissions, health expenditure, or economic growth one-way relationship. This paper also has some policy suggestions on health expenditures and CO(2) emissions in the BRICS countries at the end.