Telehealth Interventions to Improve Diabetes Management Among Black and Hispanic Patients: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

BACKGROUND: Previous systematic reviews have found that telehealth is an effective strategy for implementing interventions to improve glycemic control and other clinical outcomes for diabetes patients. However, these reviews have not meaningfully focused on Black and Hispanic patients—partly because of the lack of adequate representation of people from racial and ethnic minority groups in clinical trials. It is unclear whether telehealth interventions are effective at improving glycemic control among Black and Hispanic patients given the disproportionate number of barriers they face accessing health care. OBJECTIVES: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized control trials that used telehealth interventions for improving glycemic control among Black and Hispanic diabetes patients. METHODS: We reviewed PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and clinicalTrials.gov from inception to March 2021. We used a narrative summary approach to describe key study characteristics and graded the quality of studies using two reviewers. The pooled net change in HbA1c values was estimated across studies using a random-effects model. RESULTS: We identified 10 studies that met our inclusion and exclusion criteria. Nine studies were included in the meta-analysis. Only one study was rated as having low bias. Telehealth interventions were primarily delivered by telephone calls, text messages, web-based portals, and virtual visits. Most interventions involved delivering diabetes self-management education. Telehealth intervention pooled across studies with a mix of Black and Hispanic participants (> 50% sample) was associated with a − 0.465 ([CI: − 0.648 to − 0.282], p = 0.000) reduction in HbA1c. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest telehealth interventions are effective at improving glycemic control among Black and Hispanic diabetes patients. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40615-021-01174-6.