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Sleep Apnea Classification Algorithm Development Using a Machine-Learning Framework and Bag-of-Features Derived from Electrocardiogram Spectrograms
Background: Heart rate variability (HRV) and electrocardiogram (ECG)-derived respiration (EDR) have been used to detect sleep apnea (SA) for decades. The present study proposes an SA-detection algorithm using a machine-learning framework and bag-of-features (BoF) derived from an ECG spectrogram. Met...
Autores principales: | , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8745785/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35011934 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11010192 |
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author | Lin, Cheng-Yu Wang, Yi-Wen Setiawan, Febryan Trang, Nguyen Thi Hoang Lin, Che-Wei |
author_facet | Lin, Cheng-Yu Wang, Yi-Wen Setiawan, Febryan Trang, Nguyen Thi Hoang Lin, Che-Wei |
author_sort | Lin, Cheng-Yu |
collection | PubMed |
description | Background: Heart rate variability (HRV) and electrocardiogram (ECG)-derived respiration (EDR) have been used to detect sleep apnea (SA) for decades. The present study proposes an SA-detection algorithm using a machine-learning framework and bag-of-features (BoF) derived from an ECG spectrogram. Methods: This study was verified using overnight ECG recordings from 83 subjects with an average apnea–hypopnea index (AHI) 29.63 (/h) derived from the Physionet Apnea-ECG and National Cheng Kung University Hospital Sleep Center database. The study used signal preprocessing to filter noise and artifacts, ECG time–frequency transformation using continuous wavelet transform (CWT), BoF feature generation, machine-learning classification using support vector machine (SVM), ensemble learning (EL), k-nearest neighbor (KNN) classification, and cross-validation. The time length of the spectrogram was set as 10 and 60 s to examine the required minimum spectrogram window time length to achieve satisfactory accuracy. Specific frequency bands of 0.1–50, 8–50, 0.8–10, and 0–0.8 Hz were also extracted to generate the BoF to determine the band frequency best suited for SA detection. Results: The five-fold cross-validation accuracy using the BoF derived from the ECG spectrogram with 10 and 60 s time windows were 90.5% and 91.4% for the 0.1–50 Hz and 8–50 Hz frequency bands, respectively. Conclusion: An SA-detection algorithm utilizing BoF and a machine-learning framework was successfully developed in this study with satisfactory classification accuracy and high temporal resolution. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8745785 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-87457852022-01-11 Sleep Apnea Classification Algorithm Development Using a Machine-Learning Framework and Bag-of-Features Derived from Electrocardiogram Spectrograms Lin, Cheng-Yu Wang, Yi-Wen Setiawan, Febryan Trang, Nguyen Thi Hoang Lin, Che-Wei J Clin Med Article Background: Heart rate variability (HRV) and electrocardiogram (ECG)-derived respiration (EDR) have been used to detect sleep apnea (SA) for decades. The present study proposes an SA-detection algorithm using a machine-learning framework and bag-of-features (BoF) derived from an ECG spectrogram. Methods: This study was verified using overnight ECG recordings from 83 subjects with an average apnea–hypopnea index (AHI) 29.63 (/h) derived from the Physionet Apnea-ECG and National Cheng Kung University Hospital Sleep Center database. The study used signal preprocessing to filter noise and artifacts, ECG time–frequency transformation using continuous wavelet transform (CWT), BoF feature generation, machine-learning classification using support vector machine (SVM), ensemble learning (EL), k-nearest neighbor (KNN) classification, and cross-validation. The time length of the spectrogram was set as 10 and 60 s to examine the required minimum spectrogram window time length to achieve satisfactory accuracy. Specific frequency bands of 0.1–50, 8–50, 0.8–10, and 0–0.8 Hz were also extracted to generate the BoF to determine the band frequency best suited for SA detection. Results: The five-fold cross-validation accuracy using the BoF derived from the ECG spectrogram with 10 and 60 s time windows were 90.5% and 91.4% for the 0.1–50 Hz and 8–50 Hz frequency bands, respectively. Conclusion: An SA-detection algorithm utilizing BoF and a machine-learning framework was successfully developed in this study with satisfactory classification accuracy and high temporal resolution. MDPI 2021-12-30 /pmc/articles/PMC8745785/ /pubmed/35011934 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11010192 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Lin, Cheng-Yu Wang, Yi-Wen Setiawan, Febryan Trang, Nguyen Thi Hoang Lin, Che-Wei Sleep Apnea Classification Algorithm Development Using a Machine-Learning Framework and Bag-of-Features Derived from Electrocardiogram Spectrograms |
title | Sleep Apnea Classification Algorithm Development Using a Machine-Learning Framework and Bag-of-Features Derived from Electrocardiogram Spectrograms |
title_full | Sleep Apnea Classification Algorithm Development Using a Machine-Learning Framework and Bag-of-Features Derived from Electrocardiogram Spectrograms |
title_fullStr | Sleep Apnea Classification Algorithm Development Using a Machine-Learning Framework and Bag-of-Features Derived from Electrocardiogram Spectrograms |
title_full_unstemmed | Sleep Apnea Classification Algorithm Development Using a Machine-Learning Framework and Bag-of-Features Derived from Electrocardiogram Spectrograms |
title_short | Sleep Apnea Classification Algorithm Development Using a Machine-Learning Framework and Bag-of-Features Derived from Electrocardiogram Spectrograms |
title_sort | sleep apnea classification algorithm development using a machine-learning framework and bag-of-features derived from electrocardiogram spectrograms |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8745785/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35011934 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11010192 |
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