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Simple Method for Apples’ Bruise Area Prediction

From the producers’ point of view, there is no universal and quick method to predict bruise area when dropping an apple from a certain height onto a certain type of substrate. In this study the authors presented a very simple method to estimate bruise volume based on drop height and substrate materi...

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Autores principales: Słupska, Monika, Syguła, Ewa, Komarnicki, Piotr, Szulczewski, Wiesław, Stopa, Roman
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8745963/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35009289
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15010139
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author Słupska, Monika
Syguła, Ewa
Komarnicki, Piotr
Szulczewski, Wiesław
Stopa, Roman
author_facet Słupska, Monika
Syguła, Ewa
Komarnicki, Piotr
Szulczewski, Wiesław
Stopa, Roman
author_sort Słupska, Monika
collection PubMed
description From the producers’ point of view, there is no universal and quick method to predict bruise area when dropping an apple from a certain height onto a certain type of substrate. In this study the authors presented a very simple method to estimate bruise volume based on drop height and substrate material. Three varieties of apples were selected for the study: Idared, Golden Delicious, and Jonagold. Their weight, turgor, moisture, and sugar content were measured to determine morphological differences. In the next step, fruit bruise volumes were determined after a free fall test from a height of 10 to 150 mm in 10 mm increments. Based on the results of the research, linear regression models were performed to predict bruise volume on the basis of the drop height and type of substrate on which the fruit was dropped. Wood and concrete represented the stiffest substrates and it was expected that wood would respond more subtly during the free fall test. Meanwhile, wood appeared to react almost identically to concrete. Corrugated cardboard minimized bruising at the lowest discharge heights, but as the drop height increased, the cardboard degraded and the apple bruising level reached the results as for wood and concrete. Contrary to cardboard, the foam protected apples from bruising up to a drop height of 50 mm and absorbed kinetic energy up to the highest drop heights. Idared proved to be the most resistant to damage, while Golden Delicious was medium and Jonagold was least resistant to damage. Numerical models are a practical tool to quickly estimate bruise volume with an accuracy of about 75% for collective models (including all cultivars dropped on each of the given substrate) and 93% for separate models (including single cultivar dropped on each of the given substrate).
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spelling pubmed-87459632022-01-11 Simple Method for Apples’ Bruise Area Prediction Słupska, Monika Syguła, Ewa Komarnicki, Piotr Szulczewski, Wiesław Stopa, Roman Materials (Basel) Article From the producers’ point of view, there is no universal and quick method to predict bruise area when dropping an apple from a certain height onto a certain type of substrate. In this study the authors presented a very simple method to estimate bruise volume based on drop height and substrate material. Three varieties of apples were selected for the study: Idared, Golden Delicious, and Jonagold. Their weight, turgor, moisture, and sugar content were measured to determine morphological differences. In the next step, fruit bruise volumes were determined after a free fall test from a height of 10 to 150 mm in 10 mm increments. Based on the results of the research, linear regression models were performed to predict bruise volume on the basis of the drop height and type of substrate on which the fruit was dropped. Wood and concrete represented the stiffest substrates and it was expected that wood would respond more subtly during the free fall test. Meanwhile, wood appeared to react almost identically to concrete. Corrugated cardboard minimized bruising at the lowest discharge heights, but as the drop height increased, the cardboard degraded and the apple bruising level reached the results as for wood and concrete. Contrary to cardboard, the foam protected apples from bruising up to a drop height of 50 mm and absorbed kinetic energy up to the highest drop heights. Idared proved to be the most resistant to damage, while Golden Delicious was medium and Jonagold was least resistant to damage. Numerical models are a practical tool to quickly estimate bruise volume with an accuracy of about 75% for collective models (including all cultivars dropped on each of the given substrate) and 93% for separate models (including single cultivar dropped on each of the given substrate). MDPI 2021-12-25 /pmc/articles/PMC8745963/ /pubmed/35009289 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15010139 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Słupska, Monika
Syguła, Ewa
Komarnicki, Piotr
Szulczewski, Wiesław
Stopa, Roman
Simple Method for Apples’ Bruise Area Prediction
title Simple Method for Apples’ Bruise Area Prediction
title_full Simple Method for Apples’ Bruise Area Prediction
title_fullStr Simple Method for Apples’ Bruise Area Prediction
title_full_unstemmed Simple Method for Apples’ Bruise Area Prediction
title_short Simple Method for Apples’ Bruise Area Prediction
title_sort simple method for apples’ bruise area prediction
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8745963/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35009289
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15010139
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