Cargando…
Autonomic Nervous System Neuroanatomical Alterations Could Provoke and Maintain Gastrointestinal Dysbiosis in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): A Novel Microbiome–Host Interaction Mechanistic Hypothesis
Dysbiosis secondary to environmental factors, including dietary patterns, antibiotics use, pollution exposure, and other lifestyle factors, has been associated to many non-infective chronic inflammatory diseases. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is related to maternal inflammation, although there is n...
Autores principales: | , , , |
---|---|
Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2021
|
Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8746684/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35010940 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14010065 |
_version_ | 1784630648261050368 |
---|---|
author | Beopoulos, Athanasios Gea, Manuel Fasano, Alessio Iris, François |
author_facet | Beopoulos, Athanasios Gea, Manuel Fasano, Alessio Iris, François |
author_sort | Beopoulos, Athanasios |
collection | PubMed |
description | Dysbiosis secondary to environmental factors, including dietary patterns, antibiotics use, pollution exposure, and other lifestyle factors, has been associated to many non-infective chronic inflammatory diseases. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is related to maternal inflammation, although there is no conclusive evidence that affected individuals suffer from systemic low-grade inflammation as in many psychological and psychiatric diseases. However, neuro-inflammation and neuro–immune abnormalities are observed within ASD-affected individuals. Rebalancing human gut microbiota to treat disease has been widely investigated with inconclusive and contradictory findings. These observations strongly suggest that the forms of dysbiosis encountered in ASD-affected individuals could also originate from autonomic nervous system (ANS) functioning abnormalities, a common neuro–anatomical alteration underlying ASD. According to this hypothesis, overactivation of the sympathetic branch of the ANS, due to the fact of an ASD-specific parasympathetic activity deficit, induces deregulation of the gut–brain axis, attenuating intestinal immune and osmotic homeostasis. This sets-up a dysbiotic state, that gives rise to immune and osmotic dysregulation, maintaining dysbiosis in a vicious cycle. Here, we explore the mechanisms whereby ANS imbalances could lead to alterations in intestinal microbiome–host interactions that may contribute to the severity of ASD by maintaining the brain–gut axis pathways in a dysregulated state. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8746684 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-87466842022-01-11 Autonomic Nervous System Neuroanatomical Alterations Could Provoke and Maintain Gastrointestinal Dysbiosis in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): A Novel Microbiome–Host Interaction Mechanistic Hypothesis Beopoulos, Athanasios Gea, Manuel Fasano, Alessio Iris, François Nutrients Hypothesis Dysbiosis secondary to environmental factors, including dietary patterns, antibiotics use, pollution exposure, and other lifestyle factors, has been associated to many non-infective chronic inflammatory diseases. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is related to maternal inflammation, although there is no conclusive evidence that affected individuals suffer from systemic low-grade inflammation as in many psychological and psychiatric diseases. However, neuro-inflammation and neuro–immune abnormalities are observed within ASD-affected individuals. Rebalancing human gut microbiota to treat disease has been widely investigated with inconclusive and contradictory findings. These observations strongly suggest that the forms of dysbiosis encountered in ASD-affected individuals could also originate from autonomic nervous system (ANS) functioning abnormalities, a common neuro–anatomical alteration underlying ASD. According to this hypothesis, overactivation of the sympathetic branch of the ANS, due to the fact of an ASD-specific parasympathetic activity deficit, induces deregulation of the gut–brain axis, attenuating intestinal immune and osmotic homeostasis. This sets-up a dysbiotic state, that gives rise to immune and osmotic dysregulation, maintaining dysbiosis in a vicious cycle. Here, we explore the mechanisms whereby ANS imbalances could lead to alterations in intestinal microbiome–host interactions that may contribute to the severity of ASD by maintaining the brain–gut axis pathways in a dysregulated state. MDPI 2021-12-24 /pmc/articles/PMC8746684/ /pubmed/35010940 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14010065 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Hypothesis Beopoulos, Athanasios Gea, Manuel Fasano, Alessio Iris, François Autonomic Nervous System Neuroanatomical Alterations Could Provoke and Maintain Gastrointestinal Dysbiosis in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): A Novel Microbiome–Host Interaction Mechanistic Hypothesis |
title | Autonomic Nervous System Neuroanatomical Alterations Could Provoke and Maintain Gastrointestinal Dysbiosis in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): A Novel Microbiome–Host Interaction Mechanistic Hypothesis |
title_full | Autonomic Nervous System Neuroanatomical Alterations Could Provoke and Maintain Gastrointestinal Dysbiosis in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): A Novel Microbiome–Host Interaction Mechanistic Hypothesis |
title_fullStr | Autonomic Nervous System Neuroanatomical Alterations Could Provoke and Maintain Gastrointestinal Dysbiosis in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): A Novel Microbiome–Host Interaction Mechanistic Hypothesis |
title_full_unstemmed | Autonomic Nervous System Neuroanatomical Alterations Could Provoke and Maintain Gastrointestinal Dysbiosis in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): A Novel Microbiome–Host Interaction Mechanistic Hypothesis |
title_short | Autonomic Nervous System Neuroanatomical Alterations Could Provoke and Maintain Gastrointestinal Dysbiosis in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): A Novel Microbiome–Host Interaction Mechanistic Hypothesis |
title_sort | autonomic nervous system neuroanatomical alterations could provoke and maintain gastrointestinal dysbiosis in autism spectrum disorder (asd): a novel microbiome–host interaction mechanistic hypothesis |
topic | Hypothesis |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8746684/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35010940 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14010065 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT beopoulosathanasios autonomicnervoussystemneuroanatomicalalterationscouldprovokeandmaintaingastrointestinaldysbiosisinautismspectrumdisorderasdanovelmicrobiomehostinteractionmechanistichypothesis AT geamanuel autonomicnervoussystemneuroanatomicalalterationscouldprovokeandmaintaingastrointestinaldysbiosisinautismspectrumdisorderasdanovelmicrobiomehostinteractionmechanistichypothesis AT fasanoalessio autonomicnervoussystemneuroanatomicalalterationscouldprovokeandmaintaingastrointestinaldysbiosisinautismspectrumdisorderasdanovelmicrobiomehostinteractionmechanistichypothesis AT irisfrancois autonomicnervoussystemneuroanatomicalalterationscouldprovokeandmaintaingastrointestinaldysbiosisinautismspectrumdisorderasdanovelmicrobiomehostinteractionmechanistichypothesis |