Cargando…
On the Use of Carbon Cables from Plastic Solvent Combinations of Polystyrene and Toluene in Carbon Nanotube Synthesis
For every three people on the planet, there are approximately two Tonnes (Te) of plastic waste. We show that carbon recovery from polystyrene (PS) plastic is enhanced by the coaddition of solvents to grow carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by liquid injection chemical vapour deposition. Polystyrene was loaded...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
---|---|
Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2021
|
Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8746690/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35009958 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12010009 |
_version_ | 1784630649731153920 |
---|---|
author | Orbaek White, Alvin Hedayati, Ali Yick, Tim Gangoli, Varun Shenoy Niu, Yubiao Lethbridge, Sean Tsampanakis, Ioannis Swan, Gemma Pointeaux, Léo Crane, Abigail Charles, Rhys Sallah-Conteh, Jainaba Anderson, Andrew O. Davies, Matthew Lloyd Corr, Stuart. J. Palmer, Richard E. |
author_facet | Orbaek White, Alvin Hedayati, Ali Yick, Tim Gangoli, Varun Shenoy Niu, Yubiao Lethbridge, Sean Tsampanakis, Ioannis Swan, Gemma Pointeaux, Léo Crane, Abigail Charles, Rhys Sallah-Conteh, Jainaba Anderson, Andrew O. Davies, Matthew Lloyd Corr, Stuart. J. Palmer, Richard E. |
author_sort | Orbaek White, Alvin |
collection | PubMed |
description | For every three people on the planet, there are approximately two Tonnes (Te) of plastic waste. We show that carbon recovery from polystyrene (PS) plastic is enhanced by the coaddition of solvents to grow carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by liquid injection chemical vapour deposition. Polystyrene was loaded up to 4 wt% in toluene and heated to 780 °C in the presence of a ferrocene catalyst and a hydrogen/argon carrier gas at a 1:19 ratio. High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Raman spectroscopy were used to identify multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The PS addition in the range from 0 to 4 wt% showed improved quality and CNT homogeneity; Raman “Graphitic/Defective” (G/D) values increased from 1.9 to 2.3; mean CNT diameters increased from 43.0 to 49.2 nm; and maximum CNT yield increased from 11.37% to 14.31%. Since both the CNT diameters and the percentage yield increased following the addition of polystyrene, we conclude that carbon from PS contributes to the carbon within the MWCNTs. The electrical contact resistance of acid-washed Bucky papers produced from each loading ranged from 2.2 to 4.4 Ohm, with no direct correlation to PS loading. Due to this narrow range, materials with different loadings were mixed to create the six wires of an Ethernet cable and tested using iPerf3; the cable achieved up- and down- link speeds of ~99.5 Mbps, i.e., comparable to Cu wire with the same dimensions (~99.5 Mbps). The lifecycle assessment (LCA) of CNT wire production was compared to copper wire production for a use case in a Boeing 747-400 over the lifespan of the aircraft. Due to their lightweight nature, the CNT wires decreased the CO(2) footprint by 21 kTonnes (kTe) over the aircraft’s lifespan. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8746690 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-87466902022-01-11 On the Use of Carbon Cables from Plastic Solvent Combinations of Polystyrene and Toluene in Carbon Nanotube Synthesis Orbaek White, Alvin Hedayati, Ali Yick, Tim Gangoli, Varun Shenoy Niu, Yubiao Lethbridge, Sean Tsampanakis, Ioannis Swan, Gemma Pointeaux, Léo Crane, Abigail Charles, Rhys Sallah-Conteh, Jainaba Anderson, Andrew O. Davies, Matthew Lloyd Corr, Stuart. J. Palmer, Richard E. Nanomaterials (Basel) Article For every three people on the planet, there are approximately two Tonnes (Te) of plastic waste. We show that carbon recovery from polystyrene (PS) plastic is enhanced by the coaddition of solvents to grow carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by liquid injection chemical vapour deposition. Polystyrene was loaded up to 4 wt% in toluene and heated to 780 °C in the presence of a ferrocene catalyst and a hydrogen/argon carrier gas at a 1:19 ratio. High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Raman spectroscopy were used to identify multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The PS addition in the range from 0 to 4 wt% showed improved quality and CNT homogeneity; Raman “Graphitic/Defective” (G/D) values increased from 1.9 to 2.3; mean CNT diameters increased from 43.0 to 49.2 nm; and maximum CNT yield increased from 11.37% to 14.31%. Since both the CNT diameters and the percentage yield increased following the addition of polystyrene, we conclude that carbon from PS contributes to the carbon within the MWCNTs. The electrical contact resistance of acid-washed Bucky papers produced from each loading ranged from 2.2 to 4.4 Ohm, with no direct correlation to PS loading. Due to this narrow range, materials with different loadings were mixed to create the six wires of an Ethernet cable and tested using iPerf3; the cable achieved up- and down- link speeds of ~99.5 Mbps, i.e., comparable to Cu wire with the same dimensions (~99.5 Mbps). The lifecycle assessment (LCA) of CNT wire production was compared to copper wire production for a use case in a Boeing 747-400 over the lifespan of the aircraft. Due to their lightweight nature, the CNT wires decreased the CO(2) footprint by 21 kTonnes (kTe) over the aircraft’s lifespan. MDPI 2021-12-21 /pmc/articles/PMC8746690/ /pubmed/35009958 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12010009 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Orbaek White, Alvin Hedayati, Ali Yick, Tim Gangoli, Varun Shenoy Niu, Yubiao Lethbridge, Sean Tsampanakis, Ioannis Swan, Gemma Pointeaux, Léo Crane, Abigail Charles, Rhys Sallah-Conteh, Jainaba Anderson, Andrew O. Davies, Matthew Lloyd Corr, Stuart. J. Palmer, Richard E. On the Use of Carbon Cables from Plastic Solvent Combinations of Polystyrene and Toluene in Carbon Nanotube Synthesis |
title | On the Use of Carbon Cables from Plastic Solvent Combinations of Polystyrene and Toluene in Carbon Nanotube Synthesis |
title_full | On the Use of Carbon Cables from Plastic Solvent Combinations of Polystyrene and Toluene in Carbon Nanotube Synthesis |
title_fullStr | On the Use of Carbon Cables from Plastic Solvent Combinations of Polystyrene and Toluene in Carbon Nanotube Synthesis |
title_full_unstemmed | On the Use of Carbon Cables from Plastic Solvent Combinations of Polystyrene and Toluene in Carbon Nanotube Synthesis |
title_short | On the Use of Carbon Cables from Plastic Solvent Combinations of Polystyrene and Toluene in Carbon Nanotube Synthesis |
title_sort | on the use of carbon cables from plastic solvent combinations of polystyrene and toluene in carbon nanotube synthesis |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8746690/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35009958 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12010009 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT orbaekwhitealvin ontheuseofcarboncablesfromplasticsolventcombinationsofpolystyreneandtolueneincarbonnanotubesynthesis AT hedayatiali ontheuseofcarboncablesfromplasticsolventcombinationsofpolystyreneandtolueneincarbonnanotubesynthesis AT yicktim ontheuseofcarboncablesfromplasticsolventcombinationsofpolystyreneandtolueneincarbonnanotubesynthesis AT gangolivarunshenoy ontheuseofcarboncablesfromplasticsolventcombinationsofpolystyreneandtolueneincarbonnanotubesynthesis AT niuyubiao ontheuseofcarboncablesfromplasticsolventcombinationsofpolystyreneandtolueneincarbonnanotubesynthesis AT lethbridgesean ontheuseofcarboncablesfromplasticsolventcombinationsofpolystyreneandtolueneincarbonnanotubesynthesis AT tsampanakisioannis ontheuseofcarboncablesfromplasticsolventcombinationsofpolystyreneandtolueneincarbonnanotubesynthesis AT swangemma ontheuseofcarboncablesfromplasticsolventcombinationsofpolystyreneandtolueneincarbonnanotubesynthesis AT pointeauxleo ontheuseofcarboncablesfromplasticsolventcombinationsofpolystyreneandtolueneincarbonnanotubesynthesis AT craneabigail ontheuseofcarboncablesfromplasticsolventcombinationsofpolystyreneandtolueneincarbonnanotubesynthesis AT charlesrhys ontheuseofcarboncablesfromplasticsolventcombinationsofpolystyreneandtolueneincarbonnanotubesynthesis AT sallahcontehjainaba ontheuseofcarboncablesfromplasticsolventcombinationsofpolystyreneandtolueneincarbonnanotubesynthesis AT andersonandrewo ontheuseofcarboncablesfromplasticsolventcombinationsofpolystyreneandtolueneincarbonnanotubesynthesis AT daviesmatthewlloyd ontheuseofcarboncablesfromplasticsolventcombinationsofpolystyreneandtolueneincarbonnanotubesynthesis AT corrstuartj ontheuseofcarboncablesfromplasticsolventcombinationsofpolystyreneandtolueneincarbonnanotubesynthesis AT palmerricharde ontheuseofcarboncablesfromplasticsolventcombinationsofpolystyreneandtolueneincarbonnanotubesynthesis |