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Endocannabinoids and Heart Rate Variability Alterations after Exposure to Prolonged Intensive Physical Exercise of the Hellenic Navy SEALs
Background: Recent research indicates that both endocannabinoids (eCB) and heart rate variability (HRV) are associated with stress-induced experiences. However, these underlying mechanisms are not elucidated. The present study aims to investigate whether exposure to acute and chronic stress conditio...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8750887/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35010291 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010028 |
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author | Mourtakos, Stamatis Vassiliou, Georgia Kontoangelos, Konstantinos Philippou, Anastassios Tzavellas, Elias Tornero-Aguilera, José Francisco Clemente-Suárez, Vicente Javier Papageorgiou, Charalabos Sidossis, Labros S. Papageorgiou, Christos |
author_facet | Mourtakos, Stamatis Vassiliou, Georgia Kontoangelos, Konstantinos Philippou, Anastassios Tzavellas, Elias Tornero-Aguilera, José Francisco Clemente-Suárez, Vicente Javier Papageorgiou, Charalabos Sidossis, Labros S. Papageorgiou, Christos |
author_sort | Mourtakos, Stamatis |
collection | PubMed |
description | Background: Recent research indicates that both endocannabinoids (eCB) and heart rate variability (HRV) are associated with stress-induced experiences. However, these underlying mechanisms are not elucidated. The present study aims to investigate whether exposure to acute and chronic stress conditions can give rise to measurable changes, both to the peripheral eCB ligands and HRV. Methods: Thirteen candidates under intense preparation for their enlistment in the Hellenic Navy SEALs (HNS) participated in the study. All subjects underwent mental state examination, while HRV variables in time and frequency domain recordings were acquired. Furthermore, at baseline and 30 days after prolonged and intensive physical exercise, hair was collected to measure eCB ligands, such as anandamide (AEA), 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), and the N-acyl ethanolamine (NAE) molecules: palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) and oleoylethanolamide (OEA). Results: Comparing basal hair concentrations of eCB ligands before and after intense physical exercise, we found that AEA, PEA, and OEA were notably increased, whereas no differences were observed regarding the ligand 2-AG. Furthermore, there were observed associations between the concentrations of peripheral eCB ligands, both at baseline and after the prolonged physical exercise and the time and frequency domains of HRV. Conclusions: These findings suggest that endocannabinoid–HRV interrelations might share a short-term, and long-term adaptability of the changes in self-regulation associated with stress. Further studies will be required to determine the validity of peripheral eCB signaling and HRV as a biomarker for different aspects of the stress response. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8750887 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-87508872022-01-12 Endocannabinoids and Heart Rate Variability Alterations after Exposure to Prolonged Intensive Physical Exercise of the Hellenic Navy SEALs Mourtakos, Stamatis Vassiliou, Georgia Kontoangelos, Konstantinos Philippou, Anastassios Tzavellas, Elias Tornero-Aguilera, José Francisco Clemente-Suárez, Vicente Javier Papageorgiou, Charalabos Sidossis, Labros S. Papageorgiou, Christos Int J Environ Res Public Health Article Background: Recent research indicates that both endocannabinoids (eCB) and heart rate variability (HRV) are associated with stress-induced experiences. However, these underlying mechanisms are not elucidated. The present study aims to investigate whether exposure to acute and chronic stress conditions can give rise to measurable changes, both to the peripheral eCB ligands and HRV. Methods: Thirteen candidates under intense preparation for their enlistment in the Hellenic Navy SEALs (HNS) participated in the study. All subjects underwent mental state examination, while HRV variables in time and frequency domain recordings were acquired. Furthermore, at baseline and 30 days after prolonged and intensive physical exercise, hair was collected to measure eCB ligands, such as anandamide (AEA), 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), and the N-acyl ethanolamine (NAE) molecules: palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) and oleoylethanolamide (OEA). Results: Comparing basal hair concentrations of eCB ligands before and after intense physical exercise, we found that AEA, PEA, and OEA were notably increased, whereas no differences were observed regarding the ligand 2-AG. Furthermore, there were observed associations between the concentrations of peripheral eCB ligands, both at baseline and after the prolonged physical exercise and the time and frequency domains of HRV. Conclusions: These findings suggest that endocannabinoid–HRV interrelations might share a short-term, and long-term adaptability of the changes in self-regulation associated with stress. Further studies will be required to determine the validity of peripheral eCB signaling and HRV as a biomarker for different aspects of the stress response. MDPI 2021-12-21 /pmc/articles/PMC8750887/ /pubmed/35010291 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010028 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Mourtakos, Stamatis Vassiliou, Georgia Kontoangelos, Konstantinos Philippou, Anastassios Tzavellas, Elias Tornero-Aguilera, José Francisco Clemente-Suárez, Vicente Javier Papageorgiou, Charalabos Sidossis, Labros S. Papageorgiou, Christos Endocannabinoids and Heart Rate Variability Alterations after Exposure to Prolonged Intensive Physical Exercise of the Hellenic Navy SEALs |
title | Endocannabinoids and Heart Rate Variability Alterations after Exposure to Prolonged Intensive Physical Exercise of the Hellenic Navy SEALs |
title_full | Endocannabinoids and Heart Rate Variability Alterations after Exposure to Prolonged Intensive Physical Exercise of the Hellenic Navy SEALs |
title_fullStr | Endocannabinoids and Heart Rate Variability Alterations after Exposure to Prolonged Intensive Physical Exercise of the Hellenic Navy SEALs |
title_full_unstemmed | Endocannabinoids and Heart Rate Variability Alterations after Exposure to Prolonged Intensive Physical Exercise of the Hellenic Navy SEALs |
title_short | Endocannabinoids and Heart Rate Variability Alterations after Exposure to Prolonged Intensive Physical Exercise of the Hellenic Navy SEALs |
title_sort | endocannabinoids and heart rate variability alterations after exposure to prolonged intensive physical exercise of the hellenic navy seals |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8750887/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35010291 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010028 |
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