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External Focus or Differential Learning: Is There an Additive Effect on Learning a Futsal Goal Kick?
(1) Background: How to optimally promote the process of acquiring and learning a new motor skill is still one of the fundamental questions often raised in training and movement science, rehabilitation, and physical education. This study is aimed at investigating the effects of differential learning...
Autores principales: | , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8751137/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35010577 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010317 |
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author | Oftadeh, Sara Bahram, Abbas Yaali, Rasoul Ghadiri, Farhad Schöllhorn, Wolfgang I. |
author_facet | Oftadeh, Sara Bahram, Abbas Yaali, Rasoul Ghadiri, Farhad Schöllhorn, Wolfgang I. |
author_sort | Oftadeh, Sara |
collection | PubMed |
description | (1) Background: How to optimally promote the process of acquiring and learning a new motor skill is still one of the fundamental questions often raised in training and movement science, rehabilitation, and physical education. This study is aimed at investigating the effects of differential learning (DL) and the elements of OPTIMAL theory on learning a goal-kicking skill in futsal, especially under the conditions of external and internal foci. (2) Methods: A total of 40 female beginners were randomly assigned to, and equally distributed among, five different interventions. Within a pretest and post-test design, with retention and transfer tests, participants practiced for 12 weeks, involving two 20-min sessions per week. The tests involved a kicking skill test. Data were analyzed with a one-way ANOVA. (3) Results: Statistically significant differences with large effect sizes were found between differential learning (DL) with an external focus, DL with an internal focus, DL with no focus, traditional training with an external focus, and traditional training with control groups in the post-, retention, and transfer tests. (4) Conclusions: The results indicate the clear advantages of DL. It is well worth putting further efforts into investigating a more differentiated application of instructions combined with exercises for DL. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8751137 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-87511372022-01-12 External Focus or Differential Learning: Is There an Additive Effect on Learning a Futsal Goal Kick? Oftadeh, Sara Bahram, Abbas Yaali, Rasoul Ghadiri, Farhad Schöllhorn, Wolfgang I. Int J Environ Res Public Health Article (1) Background: How to optimally promote the process of acquiring and learning a new motor skill is still one of the fundamental questions often raised in training and movement science, rehabilitation, and physical education. This study is aimed at investigating the effects of differential learning (DL) and the elements of OPTIMAL theory on learning a goal-kicking skill in futsal, especially under the conditions of external and internal foci. (2) Methods: A total of 40 female beginners were randomly assigned to, and equally distributed among, five different interventions. Within a pretest and post-test design, with retention and transfer tests, participants practiced for 12 weeks, involving two 20-min sessions per week. The tests involved a kicking skill test. Data were analyzed with a one-way ANOVA. (3) Results: Statistically significant differences with large effect sizes were found between differential learning (DL) with an external focus, DL with an internal focus, DL with no focus, traditional training with an external focus, and traditional training with control groups in the post-, retention, and transfer tests. (4) Conclusions: The results indicate the clear advantages of DL. It is well worth putting further efforts into investigating a more differentiated application of instructions combined with exercises for DL. MDPI 2021-12-29 /pmc/articles/PMC8751137/ /pubmed/35010577 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010317 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Oftadeh, Sara Bahram, Abbas Yaali, Rasoul Ghadiri, Farhad Schöllhorn, Wolfgang I. External Focus or Differential Learning: Is There an Additive Effect on Learning a Futsal Goal Kick? |
title | External Focus or Differential Learning: Is There an Additive Effect on Learning a Futsal Goal Kick? |
title_full | External Focus or Differential Learning: Is There an Additive Effect on Learning a Futsal Goal Kick? |
title_fullStr | External Focus or Differential Learning: Is There an Additive Effect on Learning a Futsal Goal Kick? |
title_full_unstemmed | External Focus or Differential Learning: Is There an Additive Effect on Learning a Futsal Goal Kick? |
title_short | External Focus or Differential Learning: Is There an Additive Effect on Learning a Futsal Goal Kick? |
title_sort | external focus or differential learning: is there an additive effect on learning a futsal goal kick? |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8751137/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35010577 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010317 |
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