Role of Wide-Area Transepithelial Sampling With 3D Computer-Assisted Analysis in the Diagnosis and Management of Barrett's Esophagus

Barrett's esophagus (BE) is a premalignant condition in which cancer prevention is performed by endoscopic surveillance combined with Seattle protocol mucosal biopsies. The Seattle protocol has significant limitations, including a high rate of sampling error due to the focality of dysplasia/carcinoma, low endoscopist adherence to the protocol, and a high degree of variability in pathologic interpretation. These factors all contribute to a high incidence of cancers missed within 1 year of surveillance endoscopy. Wide-area transepithelial sampling with computer-assisted three-dimensional analysis (WATS(3D)) is a relatively new technique that minimizes sampling error by using a brush biopsy device that extensively samples “at risk” mucosa and helps pathologists diagnose dysplasia/neoplasia by generating three-dimensional images of whole crypts using a neural network-based software program. Several large prospective trials (involving both academic and community practices) have shown significantly increased rates of detection of dysplasia and intestinal metaplasia in both screening and surveillance in patients with BE when used as an adjunct to Seattle protocol-based forceps biopsies. The WATS(3D) diagnostic platform was included in the most recent American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Barrett's guideline as an adjunct to forceps biopsies (conditional recommendation and low quality of evidence). This review summarizes the scientific and pathologic basis of WATS(3D) technology, its potential impact on BE surveillance and management, and its limitations and future directions.