Association of Preoperative Diuretic Use With Early Acute Kidney Injury in Infants With Biventricular Hearts Following Cardiac Surgery

BACKGROUND: Diuretics are used to manage congestive heart failure in infants with congenital heart disease. Adult data indicate that preoperative diuretic use increases the risk of cardiac surgery associated acute kidney injury (CS‐AKI). We have sought to understand if preoperative diuretics in infants increases the risk of CS‐AKI. METHODS AND RESULTS: This is a single‐center retrospective study of infants (1–12 months) who had CS requiring cardiopulmonary bypass between 2013 and 2018. The diagnosis and severity of CS‐AKI was defined according to the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes guidelines. Three hundred patients were included (mean 6 months, SD 2.4, range 1.2–12.9 months). A total of 149 (49.7%) patients were diagnosed with CS‐AKI (stage 1: 80 [54%], stage 2: 57 [38%], stage 3: 12 [8%]). Logistic regression analysis showed preoperative diuretics were not associated with CS‐AKI (odds ratio [OR], 0.79; 95% CI, 0.43–1.44; P=0.45). A diagnosis of tetralogy of Fallot was an independent risk factor for CS‐AKI (OR, 3.49; 95% CI, 1.33–9.1, P=0.01). A diagnosis of tetralogy of Fallot (OR, 3.6; 95% CI, 1.28–10.22; P=0.02) and longer cardiopulmonary bypass (OR, 1.01; 95% CI, 1.0–1.02; P=0.04) time are risk factors for moderate to severe CS‐AKI. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative diuretic use does not contribute to the risk of CS‐AKI in infants early after surgery. A diagnosis of tetralogy of Fallot was the only risk factor for CS‐AKI identified using multivariate analysis in our cohort. Furthermore, a diagnosis of tetralogy of Fallot and longer cardiopulmonary bypass time are risk factors for moderate to severe CS‐AKI.