Essential but Excluded: Using Critical Race Theory to Examine COVID-19 Economic Relief Policies for Undocumented US Workers

Following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, undocumented immigrants in the United States were vulnerable both to unemployment and to COVID-19 infection if they did remain employed, because of the sectors that employ them. Despite these heightened economic vulnerabilities, 7.8 million undocumented workers were excluded from federal economic relief policies. This article uses critical race theory (CRT) to examine the intentional and unjust exclusion of undocumented U.S. workers from COVID-19 economic relief aid within the larger context of economic marginalization and injustice. It also provides an overview of the major federal economic relief legislation and policy developments during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, between March 2020 and July 2021. While some states have enacted creative programs and policies related to COVID-19 economic relief, effective and comprehensive federal-level policies must be implemented to address the growing chasm of inequity in American society, particularly as experienced by often-essential undocumented immigrant workers. Specific standards related to work and quality of live are protected by the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), but exclusionary federal policies render these minimum standards inaccessible for undocumented workers and deepen existing economic and social disparities. Social work aspires to provide a uniquely critical and social justice-minded perspective that considers systems of oppression, power dynamics, and human rights, and this perspective can contribute to socially just economic policy development.