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Decline in Pneumococcal Disease in Young Children during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Israel Associated with Suppression of seasonal Respiratory Viruses, despite Persistent Pneumococcal Carriage: A Prospective Cohort Study

BACKGROUND: The incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) declined during the COVID-19 pandemic. Previous studies hypothesized that this was due to reduced pneumococcal transmission resulting from non-pharmaceutical interventions. We used multiple ongoing cohort surveillance projects in child...

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Autores principales: Danino, Dana, Ben-Shimol, Shalom, Van Der Beek, Bart Adriaan, Givon-Lavi, Noga, Avni, Yonat Shemer, Greenberg, David, Weinberger, Daniel M, Dagan, Ron
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Oxford University Press 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8754767/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34904635
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciab1014
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author Danino, Dana
Ben-Shimol, Shalom
Van Der Beek, Bart Adriaan
Givon-Lavi, Noga
Avni, Yonat Shemer
Greenberg, David
Weinberger, Daniel M
Dagan, Ron
author_facet Danino, Dana
Ben-Shimol, Shalom
Van Der Beek, Bart Adriaan
Givon-Lavi, Noga
Avni, Yonat Shemer
Greenberg, David
Weinberger, Daniel M
Dagan, Ron
author_sort Danino, Dana
collection PubMed
description BACKGROUND: The incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) declined during the COVID-19 pandemic. Previous studies hypothesized that this was due to reduced pneumococcal transmission resulting from non-pharmaceutical interventions. We used multiple ongoing cohort surveillance projects in children <5 years to test this hypothesis. METHODS: The first SARS-CoV-2 cases were detected in February-2020, resulting in a full lockdown, followed by several partial restrictions. Data from ongoing surveillance projects captured the incidence dynamics of community-acquired alveolar pneumonia (CAAP), non-alveolar lower respiratory infections necessitating chest X-rays (NA-LRI), nasopharyngeal pneumococcal carriage in non-respiratory visits, nasopharyngeal respiratory virus detection (by PCR), and nationwide invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). Monthly rates (January-2020 through February-2021 vs. mean monthly rates 2016-2019 [expected rates]) adjusted for age and ethnicity, were compared. RESULTS: CAAP and bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia were strongly reduced (incidence rate ratios, [IRRs] .07 and .19, respectively); NA-LRI and non-pneumonia IPD were also reduced, with a lesser magnitude (IRRs, .46 and .42, respectively). In contrast, pneumococcal carriage prevalence was only slightly reduced, and density of colonization and pneumococcal serotype distributions were similar to previous years. The decline in pneumococcus-associated disease was temporally associated with a full suppression of RSV, influenza viruses, and hMPV, often implicated as co-pathogens with pneumococcus. In contrast, adenovirus, rhinovirus, and parainfluenza activities were within or above expected levels. CONCLUSIONS: Reductions in pneumococcal and pneumococcus-associated diseases occurring during the COVID-19 pandemic in Israel were not predominantly related to reduced pneumococcal carriage and density, but were strongly associated with the disappearance of specific respiratory viruses.
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spelling pubmed-87547672022-01-13 Decline in Pneumococcal Disease in Young Children during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Israel Associated with Suppression of seasonal Respiratory Viruses, despite Persistent Pneumococcal Carriage: A Prospective Cohort Study Danino, Dana Ben-Shimol, Shalom Van Der Beek, Bart Adriaan Givon-Lavi, Noga Avni, Yonat Shemer Greenberg, David Weinberger, Daniel M Dagan, Ron Clin Infect Dis Major Article BACKGROUND: The incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) declined during the COVID-19 pandemic. Previous studies hypothesized that this was due to reduced pneumococcal transmission resulting from non-pharmaceutical interventions. We used multiple ongoing cohort surveillance projects in children <5 years to test this hypothesis. METHODS: The first SARS-CoV-2 cases were detected in February-2020, resulting in a full lockdown, followed by several partial restrictions. Data from ongoing surveillance projects captured the incidence dynamics of community-acquired alveolar pneumonia (CAAP), non-alveolar lower respiratory infections necessitating chest X-rays (NA-LRI), nasopharyngeal pneumococcal carriage in non-respiratory visits, nasopharyngeal respiratory virus detection (by PCR), and nationwide invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). Monthly rates (January-2020 through February-2021 vs. mean monthly rates 2016-2019 [expected rates]) adjusted for age and ethnicity, were compared. RESULTS: CAAP and bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia were strongly reduced (incidence rate ratios, [IRRs] .07 and .19, respectively); NA-LRI and non-pneumonia IPD were also reduced, with a lesser magnitude (IRRs, .46 and .42, respectively). In contrast, pneumococcal carriage prevalence was only slightly reduced, and density of colonization and pneumococcal serotype distributions were similar to previous years. The decline in pneumococcus-associated disease was temporally associated with a full suppression of RSV, influenza viruses, and hMPV, often implicated as co-pathogens with pneumococcus. In contrast, adenovirus, rhinovirus, and parainfluenza activities were within or above expected levels. CONCLUSIONS: Reductions in pneumococcal and pneumococcus-associated diseases occurring during the COVID-19 pandemic in Israel were not predominantly related to reduced pneumococcal carriage and density, but were strongly associated with the disappearance of specific respiratory viruses. Oxford University Press 2021-12-14 /pmc/articles/PMC8754767/ /pubmed/34904635 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciab1014 Text en © The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press for the Infectious Diseases Society of America. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial reproduction and distribution of the work, in any medium, provided the original work is not altered or transformed in any way, and that the work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com
spellingShingle Major Article
Danino, Dana
Ben-Shimol, Shalom
Van Der Beek, Bart Adriaan
Givon-Lavi, Noga
Avni, Yonat Shemer
Greenberg, David
Weinberger, Daniel M
Dagan, Ron
Decline in Pneumococcal Disease in Young Children during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Israel Associated with Suppression of seasonal Respiratory Viruses, despite Persistent Pneumococcal Carriage: A Prospective Cohort Study
title Decline in Pneumococcal Disease in Young Children during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Israel Associated with Suppression of seasonal Respiratory Viruses, despite Persistent Pneumococcal Carriage: A Prospective Cohort Study
title_full Decline in Pneumococcal Disease in Young Children during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Israel Associated with Suppression of seasonal Respiratory Viruses, despite Persistent Pneumococcal Carriage: A Prospective Cohort Study
title_fullStr Decline in Pneumococcal Disease in Young Children during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Israel Associated with Suppression of seasonal Respiratory Viruses, despite Persistent Pneumococcal Carriage: A Prospective Cohort Study
title_full_unstemmed Decline in Pneumococcal Disease in Young Children during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Israel Associated with Suppression of seasonal Respiratory Viruses, despite Persistent Pneumococcal Carriage: A Prospective Cohort Study
title_short Decline in Pneumococcal Disease in Young Children during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Israel Associated with Suppression of seasonal Respiratory Viruses, despite Persistent Pneumococcal Carriage: A Prospective Cohort Study
title_sort decline in pneumococcal disease in young children during the covid-19 pandemic in israel associated with suppression of seasonal respiratory viruses, despite persistent pneumococcal carriage: a prospective cohort study
topic Major Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8754767/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34904635
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciab1014
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