Cancer biology and molecular genetics of A(3) adenosine receptor

A(3) adenosine receptor (A(3)AR) is a cell membrane protein, which has been found to be overexpressed in a large number of cancer types. This receptor plays an important role in cancer by interacting with adenosine. Specifically, A(3)AR has a dual nature in different pathophysiological conditions, as it is expressed according to tissue type and stimulated by an adenosine dose-dependent manner. A(3)AR activation leads to tumor growth, cell proliferation and survival in some cases, while triggering cytostatic and apoptotic pathways in others. This review aims to describe the most relevant aspects of A(3)AR activation and its ligands whereas it summarizes A(3)AR activities in cancer. Progress in the field of A(3)AR modulators, with a potential therapeutic role in cancer treatment are reported, as well.