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Longitudinal dynamics of SARS-CoV-2-specific cellular and humoral immunity after natural infection or BNT162b2 vaccination

The timing of the development of specific adaptive immunity after natural SARS-CoV-2 infection, and its relevance in clinical outcome, has not been characterized in depth. Description of the long-term maintenance of both cellular and humoral responses elicited by real-world anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccinati...

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Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales: Almendro-Vázquez, Patricia, Laguna-Goya, Rocio, Ruiz-Ruigomez, Maria, Utrero-Rico, Alberto, Lalueza, Antonio, Maestro de la Calle, Guillermo, Delgado, Pilar, Perez-Ordoño, Luis, Muro, Eva, Vila, Juan, Zamarron, Isabel, Moreno-Batanero, Miguel, Chivite-Lacaba, Marta, Gil-Etayo, Francisco Javier, Martín-Higuera, Carmen, Meléndez-Carmona, María Ángeles, Lumbreras, Carlos, Arellano, Irene, Alarcon, Balbino, Allende, Luis Miguel, Aguado, Jose Maria, Paz-Artal, Estela
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Public Library of Science 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8757952/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34962970
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1010211
Descripción
Sumario:The timing of the development of specific adaptive immunity after natural SARS-CoV-2 infection, and its relevance in clinical outcome, has not been characterized in depth. Description of the long-term maintenance of both cellular and humoral responses elicited by real-world anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination is still scarce. Here we aimed to understand the development of optimal protective responses after SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination. We performed an early, longitudinal study of S1-, M- and N-specific IFN-γ and IL-2 T cell immunity and anti-S total and neutralizing antibodies in 88 mild, moderate or severe acute COVID-19 patients. Moreover, SARS-CoV-2-specific adaptive immunity was also analysed in 234 COVID-19 recovered subjects, 28 uninfected BNT162b2-vaccinees and 30 uninfected healthy controls. Upon natural infection, cellular and humoral responses were early and coordinated in mild patients, while weak and inconsistent in severe patients. The S1-specific cellular response measured at hospital arrival was an independent predictive factor against severity. In COVID-19 recovered patients, four to seven months post-infection, cellular immunity was maintained but antibodies and neutralization capacity declined. Finally, a robust Th1-driven immune response was developed in uninfected BNT162b2-vaccinees. Three months post-vaccination, the cellular response was comparable, while the humoral response was consistently stronger, to that measured in COVID-19 recovered patients. Thus, measurement of both humoral and cellular responses provides information on prognosis and protection from infection, which may add value for individual and public health recommendations.