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Longitudinal dynamics of SARS-CoV-2-specific cellular and humoral immunity after natural infection or BNT162b2 vaccination

The timing of the development of specific adaptive immunity after natural SARS-CoV-2 infection, and its relevance in clinical outcome, has not been characterized in depth. Description of the long-term maintenance of both cellular and humoral responses elicited by real-world anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccinati...

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Autores principales: Almendro-Vázquez, Patricia, Laguna-Goya, Rocio, Ruiz-Ruigomez, Maria, Utrero-Rico, Alberto, Lalueza, Antonio, Maestro de la Calle, Guillermo, Delgado, Pilar, Perez-Ordoño, Luis, Muro, Eva, Vila, Juan, Zamarron, Isabel, Moreno-Batanero, Miguel, Chivite-Lacaba, Marta, Gil-Etayo, Francisco Javier, Martín-Higuera, Carmen, Meléndez-Carmona, María Ángeles, Lumbreras, Carlos, Arellano, Irene, Alarcon, Balbino, Allende, Luis Miguel, Aguado, Jose Maria, Paz-Artal, Estela
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Public Library of Science 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8757952/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34962970
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1010211
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author Almendro-Vázquez, Patricia
Laguna-Goya, Rocio
Ruiz-Ruigomez, Maria
Utrero-Rico, Alberto
Lalueza, Antonio
Maestro de la Calle, Guillermo
Delgado, Pilar
Perez-Ordoño, Luis
Muro, Eva
Vila, Juan
Zamarron, Isabel
Moreno-Batanero, Miguel
Chivite-Lacaba, Marta
Gil-Etayo, Francisco Javier
Martín-Higuera, Carmen
Meléndez-Carmona, María Ángeles
Lumbreras, Carlos
Arellano, Irene
Alarcon, Balbino
Allende, Luis Miguel
Aguado, Jose Maria
Paz-Artal, Estela
author_facet Almendro-Vázquez, Patricia
Laguna-Goya, Rocio
Ruiz-Ruigomez, Maria
Utrero-Rico, Alberto
Lalueza, Antonio
Maestro de la Calle, Guillermo
Delgado, Pilar
Perez-Ordoño, Luis
Muro, Eva
Vila, Juan
Zamarron, Isabel
Moreno-Batanero, Miguel
Chivite-Lacaba, Marta
Gil-Etayo, Francisco Javier
Martín-Higuera, Carmen
Meléndez-Carmona, María Ángeles
Lumbreras, Carlos
Arellano, Irene
Alarcon, Balbino
Allende, Luis Miguel
Aguado, Jose Maria
Paz-Artal, Estela
author_sort Almendro-Vázquez, Patricia
collection PubMed
description The timing of the development of specific adaptive immunity after natural SARS-CoV-2 infection, and its relevance in clinical outcome, has not been characterized in depth. Description of the long-term maintenance of both cellular and humoral responses elicited by real-world anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination is still scarce. Here we aimed to understand the development of optimal protective responses after SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination. We performed an early, longitudinal study of S1-, M- and N-specific IFN-γ and IL-2 T cell immunity and anti-S total and neutralizing antibodies in 88 mild, moderate or severe acute COVID-19 patients. Moreover, SARS-CoV-2-specific adaptive immunity was also analysed in 234 COVID-19 recovered subjects, 28 uninfected BNT162b2-vaccinees and 30 uninfected healthy controls. Upon natural infection, cellular and humoral responses were early and coordinated in mild patients, while weak and inconsistent in severe patients. The S1-specific cellular response measured at hospital arrival was an independent predictive factor against severity. In COVID-19 recovered patients, four to seven months post-infection, cellular immunity was maintained but antibodies and neutralization capacity declined. Finally, a robust Th1-driven immune response was developed in uninfected BNT162b2-vaccinees. Three months post-vaccination, the cellular response was comparable, while the humoral response was consistently stronger, to that measured in COVID-19 recovered patients. Thus, measurement of both humoral and cellular responses provides information on prognosis and protection from infection, which may add value for individual and public health recommendations.
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spelling pubmed-87579522022-01-14 Longitudinal dynamics of SARS-CoV-2-specific cellular and humoral immunity after natural infection or BNT162b2 vaccination Almendro-Vázquez, Patricia Laguna-Goya, Rocio Ruiz-Ruigomez, Maria Utrero-Rico, Alberto Lalueza, Antonio Maestro de la Calle, Guillermo Delgado, Pilar Perez-Ordoño, Luis Muro, Eva Vila, Juan Zamarron, Isabel Moreno-Batanero, Miguel Chivite-Lacaba, Marta Gil-Etayo, Francisco Javier Martín-Higuera, Carmen Meléndez-Carmona, María Ángeles Lumbreras, Carlos Arellano, Irene Alarcon, Balbino Allende, Luis Miguel Aguado, Jose Maria Paz-Artal, Estela PLoS Pathog Research Article The timing of the development of specific adaptive immunity after natural SARS-CoV-2 infection, and its relevance in clinical outcome, has not been characterized in depth. Description of the long-term maintenance of both cellular and humoral responses elicited by real-world anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination is still scarce. Here we aimed to understand the development of optimal protective responses after SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination. We performed an early, longitudinal study of S1-, M- and N-specific IFN-γ and IL-2 T cell immunity and anti-S total and neutralizing antibodies in 88 mild, moderate or severe acute COVID-19 patients. Moreover, SARS-CoV-2-specific adaptive immunity was also analysed in 234 COVID-19 recovered subjects, 28 uninfected BNT162b2-vaccinees and 30 uninfected healthy controls. Upon natural infection, cellular and humoral responses were early and coordinated in mild patients, while weak and inconsistent in severe patients. The S1-specific cellular response measured at hospital arrival was an independent predictive factor against severity. In COVID-19 recovered patients, four to seven months post-infection, cellular immunity was maintained but antibodies and neutralization capacity declined. Finally, a robust Th1-driven immune response was developed in uninfected BNT162b2-vaccinees. Three months post-vaccination, the cellular response was comparable, while the humoral response was consistently stronger, to that measured in COVID-19 recovered patients. Thus, measurement of both humoral and cellular responses provides information on prognosis and protection from infection, which may add value for individual and public health recommendations. Public Library of Science 2021-12-28 /pmc/articles/PMC8757952/ /pubmed/34962970 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1010211 Text en © 2021 Almendro-Vázquez et al https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
spellingShingle Research Article
Almendro-Vázquez, Patricia
Laguna-Goya, Rocio
Ruiz-Ruigomez, Maria
Utrero-Rico, Alberto
Lalueza, Antonio
Maestro de la Calle, Guillermo
Delgado, Pilar
Perez-Ordoño, Luis
Muro, Eva
Vila, Juan
Zamarron, Isabel
Moreno-Batanero, Miguel
Chivite-Lacaba, Marta
Gil-Etayo, Francisco Javier
Martín-Higuera, Carmen
Meléndez-Carmona, María Ángeles
Lumbreras, Carlos
Arellano, Irene
Alarcon, Balbino
Allende, Luis Miguel
Aguado, Jose Maria
Paz-Artal, Estela
Longitudinal dynamics of SARS-CoV-2-specific cellular and humoral immunity after natural infection or BNT162b2 vaccination
title Longitudinal dynamics of SARS-CoV-2-specific cellular and humoral immunity after natural infection or BNT162b2 vaccination
title_full Longitudinal dynamics of SARS-CoV-2-specific cellular and humoral immunity after natural infection or BNT162b2 vaccination
title_fullStr Longitudinal dynamics of SARS-CoV-2-specific cellular and humoral immunity after natural infection or BNT162b2 vaccination
title_full_unstemmed Longitudinal dynamics of SARS-CoV-2-specific cellular and humoral immunity after natural infection or BNT162b2 vaccination
title_short Longitudinal dynamics of SARS-CoV-2-specific cellular and humoral immunity after natural infection or BNT162b2 vaccination
title_sort longitudinal dynamics of sars-cov-2-specific cellular and humoral immunity after natural infection or bnt162b2 vaccination
topic Research Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8757952/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34962970
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1010211
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