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Longitudinal dynamics of SARS-CoV-2-specific cellular and humoral immunity after natural infection or BNT162b2 vaccination
The timing of the development of specific adaptive immunity after natural SARS-CoV-2 infection, and its relevance in clinical outcome, has not been characterized in depth. Description of the long-term maintenance of both cellular and humoral responses elicited by real-world anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccinati...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Public Library of Science
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8757952/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34962970 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1010211 |
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author | Almendro-Vázquez, Patricia Laguna-Goya, Rocio Ruiz-Ruigomez, Maria Utrero-Rico, Alberto Lalueza, Antonio Maestro de la Calle, Guillermo Delgado, Pilar Perez-Ordoño, Luis Muro, Eva Vila, Juan Zamarron, Isabel Moreno-Batanero, Miguel Chivite-Lacaba, Marta Gil-Etayo, Francisco Javier Martín-Higuera, Carmen Meléndez-Carmona, María Ángeles Lumbreras, Carlos Arellano, Irene Alarcon, Balbino Allende, Luis Miguel Aguado, Jose Maria Paz-Artal, Estela |
author_facet | Almendro-Vázquez, Patricia Laguna-Goya, Rocio Ruiz-Ruigomez, Maria Utrero-Rico, Alberto Lalueza, Antonio Maestro de la Calle, Guillermo Delgado, Pilar Perez-Ordoño, Luis Muro, Eva Vila, Juan Zamarron, Isabel Moreno-Batanero, Miguel Chivite-Lacaba, Marta Gil-Etayo, Francisco Javier Martín-Higuera, Carmen Meléndez-Carmona, María Ángeles Lumbreras, Carlos Arellano, Irene Alarcon, Balbino Allende, Luis Miguel Aguado, Jose Maria Paz-Artal, Estela |
author_sort | Almendro-Vázquez, Patricia |
collection | PubMed |
description | The timing of the development of specific adaptive immunity after natural SARS-CoV-2 infection, and its relevance in clinical outcome, has not been characterized in depth. Description of the long-term maintenance of both cellular and humoral responses elicited by real-world anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination is still scarce. Here we aimed to understand the development of optimal protective responses after SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination. We performed an early, longitudinal study of S1-, M- and N-specific IFN-γ and IL-2 T cell immunity and anti-S total and neutralizing antibodies in 88 mild, moderate or severe acute COVID-19 patients. Moreover, SARS-CoV-2-specific adaptive immunity was also analysed in 234 COVID-19 recovered subjects, 28 uninfected BNT162b2-vaccinees and 30 uninfected healthy controls. Upon natural infection, cellular and humoral responses were early and coordinated in mild patients, while weak and inconsistent in severe patients. The S1-specific cellular response measured at hospital arrival was an independent predictive factor against severity. In COVID-19 recovered patients, four to seven months post-infection, cellular immunity was maintained but antibodies and neutralization capacity declined. Finally, a robust Th1-driven immune response was developed in uninfected BNT162b2-vaccinees. Three months post-vaccination, the cellular response was comparable, while the humoral response was consistently stronger, to that measured in COVID-19 recovered patients. Thus, measurement of both humoral and cellular responses provides information on prognosis and protection from infection, which may add value for individual and public health recommendations. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8757952 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | Public Library of Science |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-87579522022-01-14 Longitudinal dynamics of SARS-CoV-2-specific cellular and humoral immunity after natural infection or BNT162b2 vaccination Almendro-Vázquez, Patricia Laguna-Goya, Rocio Ruiz-Ruigomez, Maria Utrero-Rico, Alberto Lalueza, Antonio Maestro de la Calle, Guillermo Delgado, Pilar Perez-Ordoño, Luis Muro, Eva Vila, Juan Zamarron, Isabel Moreno-Batanero, Miguel Chivite-Lacaba, Marta Gil-Etayo, Francisco Javier Martín-Higuera, Carmen Meléndez-Carmona, María Ángeles Lumbreras, Carlos Arellano, Irene Alarcon, Balbino Allende, Luis Miguel Aguado, Jose Maria Paz-Artal, Estela PLoS Pathog Research Article The timing of the development of specific adaptive immunity after natural SARS-CoV-2 infection, and its relevance in clinical outcome, has not been characterized in depth. Description of the long-term maintenance of both cellular and humoral responses elicited by real-world anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination is still scarce. Here we aimed to understand the development of optimal protective responses after SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination. We performed an early, longitudinal study of S1-, M- and N-specific IFN-γ and IL-2 T cell immunity and anti-S total and neutralizing antibodies in 88 mild, moderate or severe acute COVID-19 patients. Moreover, SARS-CoV-2-specific adaptive immunity was also analysed in 234 COVID-19 recovered subjects, 28 uninfected BNT162b2-vaccinees and 30 uninfected healthy controls. Upon natural infection, cellular and humoral responses were early and coordinated in mild patients, while weak and inconsistent in severe patients. The S1-specific cellular response measured at hospital arrival was an independent predictive factor against severity. In COVID-19 recovered patients, four to seven months post-infection, cellular immunity was maintained but antibodies and neutralization capacity declined. Finally, a robust Th1-driven immune response was developed in uninfected BNT162b2-vaccinees. Three months post-vaccination, the cellular response was comparable, while the humoral response was consistently stronger, to that measured in COVID-19 recovered patients. Thus, measurement of both humoral and cellular responses provides information on prognosis and protection from infection, which may add value for individual and public health recommendations. Public Library of Science 2021-12-28 /pmc/articles/PMC8757952/ /pubmed/34962970 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1010211 Text en © 2021 Almendro-Vázquez et al https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. |
spellingShingle | Research Article Almendro-Vázquez, Patricia Laguna-Goya, Rocio Ruiz-Ruigomez, Maria Utrero-Rico, Alberto Lalueza, Antonio Maestro de la Calle, Guillermo Delgado, Pilar Perez-Ordoño, Luis Muro, Eva Vila, Juan Zamarron, Isabel Moreno-Batanero, Miguel Chivite-Lacaba, Marta Gil-Etayo, Francisco Javier Martín-Higuera, Carmen Meléndez-Carmona, María Ángeles Lumbreras, Carlos Arellano, Irene Alarcon, Balbino Allende, Luis Miguel Aguado, Jose Maria Paz-Artal, Estela Longitudinal dynamics of SARS-CoV-2-specific cellular and humoral immunity after natural infection or BNT162b2 vaccination |
title | Longitudinal dynamics of SARS-CoV-2-specific cellular and humoral immunity after natural infection or BNT162b2 vaccination |
title_full | Longitudinal dynamics of SARS-CoV-2-specific cellular and humoral immunity after natural infection or BNT162b2 vaccination |
title_fullStr | Longitudinal dynamics of SARS-CoV-2-specific cellular and humoral immunity after natural infection or BNT162b2 vaccination |
title_full_unstemmed | Longitudinal dynamics of SARS-CoV-2-specific cellular and humoral immunity after natural infection or BNT162b2 vaccination |
title_short | Longitudinal dynamics of SARS-CoV-2-specific cellular and humoral immunity after natural infection or BNT162b2 vaccination |
title_sort | longitudinal dynamics of sars-cov-2-specific cellular and humoral immunity after natural infection or bnt162b2 vaccination |
topic | Research Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8757952/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34962970 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1010211 |
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