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SARS-CoV-2 Variants, Vaccines, and Host Immunity
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a new beta coronavirus that emerged at the end of 2019 in the Hubei province of China. SARS-CoV-2 causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on 11 March 2020. Herd or co...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8761766/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35046961 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.809244 |
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author | Mistry, Priyal Barmania, Fatima Mellet, Juanita Peta, Kimberly Strydom, Adéle Viljoen, Ignatius M. James, William Gordon, Siamon Pepper, Michael S. |
author_facet | Mistry, Priyal Barmania, Fatima Mellet, Juanita Peta, Kimberly Strydom, Adéle Viljoen, Ignatius M. James, William Gordon, Siamon Pepper, Michael S. |
author_sort | Mistry, Priyal |
collection | PubMed |
description | Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a new beta coronavirus that emerged at the end of 2019 in the Hubei province of China. SARS-CoV-2 causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on 11 March 2020. Herd or community immunity has been proposed as a strategy to protect the vulnerable, and can be established through immunity from past infection or vaccination. Whether SARS-CoV-2 infection results in the development of a reservoir of resilient memory cells is under investigation. Vaccines have been developed at an unprecedented rate and 7 408 870 760 vaccine doses have been administered worldwide. Recently emerged SARS-CoV-2 variants are more transmissible with a reduced sensitivity to immune mechanisms. This is due to the presence of amino acid substitutions in the spike protein, which confer a selective advantage. The emergence of variants therefore poses a risk for vaccine effectiveness and long-term immunity, and it is crucial therefore to determine the effectiveness of vaccines against currently circulating variants. Here we review both SARS-CoV-2-induced host immune activation and vaccine-induced immune responses, highlighting the responses of immune memory cells that are key indicators of host immunity. We further discuss how variants emerge and the currently circulating variants of concern (VOC), with particular focus on implications for vaccine effectiveness. Finally, we describe new antibody treatments and future vaccine approaches that will be important as we navigate through the COVID-19 pandemic. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8761766 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-87617662022-01-18 SARS-CoV-2 Variants, Vaccines, and Host Immunity Mistry, Priyal Barmania, Fatima Mellet, Juanita Peta, Kimberly Strydom, Adéle Viljoen, Ignatius M. James, William Gordon, Siamon Pepper, Michael S. Front Immunol Immunology Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a new beta coronavirus that emerged at the end of 2019 in the Hubei province of China. SARS-CoV-2 causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on 11 March 2020. Herd or community immunity has been proposed as a strategy to protect the vulnerable, and can be established through immunity from past infection or vaccination. Whether SARS-CoV-2 infection results in the development of a reservoir of resilient memory cells is under investigation. Vaccines have been developed at an unprecedented rate and 7 408 870 760 vaccine doses have been administered worldwide. Recently emerged SARS-CoV-2 variants are more transmissible with a reduced sensitivity to immune mechanisms. This is due to the presence of amino acid substitutions in the spike protein, which confer a selective advantage. The emergence of variants therefore poses a risk for vaccine effectiveness and long-term immunity, and it is crucial therefore to determine the effectiveness of vaccines against currently circulating variants. Here we review both SARS-CoV-2-induced host immune activation and vaccine-induced immune responses, highlighting the responses of immune memory cells that are key indicators of host immunity. We further discuss how variants emerge and the currently circulating variants of concern (VOC), with particular focus on implications for vaccine effectiveness. Finally, we describe new antibody treatments and future vaccine approaches that will be important as we navigate through the COVID-19 pandemic. Frontiers Media S.A. 2022-01-03 /pmc/articles/PMC8761766/ /pubmed/35046961 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.809244 Text en Copyright © 2022 Mistry, Barmania, Mellet, Peta, Strydom, Viljoen, James, Gordon and Pepper https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Immunology Mistry, Priyal Barmania, Fatima Mellet, Juanita Peta, Kimberly Strydom, Adéle Viljoen, Ignatius M. James, William Gordon, Siamon Pepper, Michael S. SARS-CoV-2 Variants, Vaccines, and Host Immunity |
title | SARS-CoV-2 Variants, Vaccines, and Host Immunity |
title_full | SARS-CoV-2 Variants, Vaccines, and Host Immunity |
title_fullStr | SARS-CoV-2 Variants, Vaccines, and Host Immunity |
title_full_unstemmed | SARS-CoV-2 Variants, Vaccines, and Host Immunity |
title_short | SARS-CoV-2 Variants, Vaccines, and Host Immunity |
title_sort | sars-cov-2 variants, vaccines, and host immunity |
topic | Immunology |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8761766/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35046961 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.809244 |
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