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Comparison of blood tonic efficacy and chemical constituents of Kadsura interior A.C. Smith and its closely related species
BACKGROUND: The stems of Kadsura interior A. C. Smith are used as traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) Kadsurae Caulis, with the traditional efficacy of tonifying and invigorating the blood, therefore being favored to treat blood deficiency (BD) widely. However, the stems of K. interior and its closel...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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BioMed Central
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8762946/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35039063 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13020-021-00544-w |
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author | Xu, Jing Liu, Jiushi Li, Bin Wei, Xueping Qi, Yaodong Zhang, Bengang Liu, Haitao Xiao, Peigen |
author_facet | Xu, Jing Liu, Jiushi Li, Bin Wei, Xueping Qi, Yaodong Zhang, Bengang Liu, Haitao Xiao, Peigen |
author_sort | Xu, Jing |
collection | PubMed |
description | BACKGROUND: The stems of Kadsura interior A. C. Smith are used as traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) Kadsurae Caulis, with the traditional efficacy of tonifying and invigorating the blood, therefore being favored to treat blood deficiency (BD) widely. However, the stems of K. interior and its closely related species are morphologically similar and they may readily be misused as Kadsurae Caulis, thus likely to exert negative effects on clinical efficacy and clinical medication safety. METHODS: Firstly, blood tonic efficacies of the stems of K. interior (KIS) and its closely related species were compared using BD mouse model induced by 1-acetyl-2-phenylhydrazine (APH) and cyclophosphamide (CTX). Secondly, the chemical constituents from the stems of K. interior and its closely related species were evaluated and compared using a plant metabolomics approach. Plant metabolomics in this study aims at discovering differential metabolites and comprehensively assessing the chemical constituents by combining state-of-the-art high-resolution UPLC-Q/TOF–MS/MS technique and multivariate data analysis. Finally, based on the pharmacological data and the chemical constituents in UPLC-Q/TOF–MS fingerprints, the potential blood tonic active markers were screened by the spectrum-effect relationship analysis and quantified by UPLC-UV-DAD. RESULTS: The ethanol extract of the stems of K. interior significantly increased the levels of hematocrit (HCT), hemoglobin (HGB), and red blood cells (RBC) in BD mice. In addition, it significantly increased the serum levels of interleukin 3 (IL-3), granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and macrophage-stimulating factor (M-CSF) in BD mice (P < 0.01). The blood tonic efficacy of the stems of K. interior was superior to those of its closely related species, especially at the dose of 200 mg/kg. Six differential compounds in the stems of K. interior were screened out to distinguish it from its closely related species. In combination with the results of the spectrum-effect relationship analysis, heteroclitin D, interiorin C, and heteroclitin G were identified as potential bioactive markers. The contents of heteroclitin D and heteroclitin G in the freeze-dried powder of KIS were 15.90 and 3.74 μg/mg. CONCLUSIONS: This study illustrated the differences in the blood tonic efficacies and the chemical constituents of the stems of K. interior and its closely related species, and pinpointed the potential bioactive markers of K. interior. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13020-021-00544-w. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8762946 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | BioMed Central |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-87629462022-01-18 Comparison of blood tonic efficacy and chemical constituents of Kadsura interior A.C. Smith and its closely related species Xu, Jing Liu, Jiushi Li, Bin Wei, Xueping Qi, Yaodong Zhang, Bengang Liu, Haitao Xiao, Peigen Chin Med Research BACKGROUND: The stems of Kadsura interior A. C. Smith are used as traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) Kadsurae Caulis, with the traditional efficacy of tonifying and invigorating the blood, therefore being favored to treat blood deficiency (BD) widely. However, the stems of K. interior and its closely related species are morphologically similar and they may readily be misused as Kadsurae Caulis, thus likely to exert negative effects on clinical efficacy and clinical medication safety. METHODS: Firstly, blood tonic efficacies of the stems of K. interior (KIS) and its closely related species were compared using BD mouse model induced by 1-acetyl-2-phenylhydrazine (APH) and cyclophosphamide (CTX). Secondly, the chemical constituents from the stems of K. interior and its closely related species were evaluated and compared using a plant metabolomics approach. Plant metabolomics in this study aims at discovering differential metabolites and comprehensively assessing the chemical constituents by combining state-of-the-art high-resolution UPLC-Q/TOF–MS/MS technique and multivariate data analysis. Finally, based on the pharmacological data and the chemical constituents in UPLC-Q/TOF–MS fingerprints, the potential blood tonic active markers were screened by the spectrum-effect relationship analysis and quantified by UPLC-UV-DAD. RESULTS: The ethanol extract of the stems of K. interior significantly increased the levels of hematocrit (HCT), hemoglobin (HGB), and red blood cells (RBC) in BD mice. In addition, it significantly increased the serum levels of interleukin 3 (IL-3), granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and macrophage-stimulating factor (M-CSF) in BD mice (P < 0.01). The blood tonic efficacy of the stems of K. interior was superior to those of its closely related species, especially at the dose of 200 mg/kg. Six differential compounds in the stems of K. interior were screened out to distinguish it from its closely related species. In combination with the results of the spectrum-effect relationship analysis, heteroclitin D, interiorin C, and heteroclitin G were identified as potential bioactive markers. The contents of heteroclitin D and heteroclitin G in the freeze-dried powder of KIS were 15.90 and 3.74 μg/mg. CONCLUSIONS: This study illustrated the differences in the blood tonic efficacies and the chemical constituents of the stems of K. interior and its closely related species, and pinpointed the potential bioactive markers of K. interior. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13020-021-00544-w. BioMed Central 2022-01-17 /pmc/articles/PMC8762946/ /pubmed/35039063 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13020-021-00544-w Text en © The Author(s) 2022 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) . The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) ) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. |
spellingShingle | Research Xu, Jing Liu, Jiushi Li, Bin Wei, Xueping Qi, Yaodong Zhang, Bengang Liu, Haitao Xiao, Peigen Comparison of blood tonic efficacy and chemical constituents of Kadsura interior A.C. Smith and its closely related species |
title | Comparison of blood tonic efficacy and chemical constituents of Kadsura interior A.C. Smith and its closely related species |
title_full | Comparison of blood tonic efficacy and chemical constituents of Kadsura interior A.C. Smith and its closely related species |
title_fullStr | Comparison of blood tonic efficacy and chemical constituents of Kadsura interior A.C. Smith and its closely related species |
title_full_unstemmed | Comparison of blood tonic efficacy and chemical constituents of Kadsura interior A.C. Smith and its closely related species |
title_short | Comparison of blood tonic efficacy and chemical constituents of Kadsura interior A.C. Smith and its closely related species |
title_sort | comparison of blood tonic efficacy and chemical constituents of kadsura interior a.c. smith and its closely related species |
topic | Research |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8762946/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35039063 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13020-021-00544-w |
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