Deep Learning in Prediction of Late Major Bleeding After Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement

PURPOSE: Late major bleeding is one of the main complications after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). We aimed to develop a risk prediction model based on deep learning to predict major or life-threatening bleeding complications (MLBCs) after TAVR. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective study including TAVR patients from West China Hospital of Sichuan University Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Registry (ChiCTR2000033419) between April 17, 2012 and May 27, 2020. A deep learning-based model named BLeNet was developed with 56 features covering baseline, procedural, and post-procedural characteristics. The model was validated with the bootstrap method and evaluated using Harrell’s concordance index (c-index), receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve, calibration curve, and Kaplan–Meier estimate. Captum interpretation library was applied to identify feature importance. The BLeNet model was compared with the traditional Cox proportional hazard (Cox-PH) model and the random survival forest model in the metrics mentioned above. RESULTS: The BLeNet model outperformed the Cox-PH and random survival forest models significantly in discrimination [optimism-corrected c-index of BLeNet vs Cox-PH vs random survival forest: 0.81 (95% CI: 0.79–0.92) vs 0.72 (95% CI: 0.63–0.77) vs 0.70 (95% CI: 0.61–0.74)] and calibration (integrated calibration index of BLeNet vs Cox-PH vs random survival forest: 0.007 vs 0.015 vs 0.019). In Kaplan–Meier analysis, BLeNet model had great performance in stratifying high- and low-bleeding risk patients (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Deep learning is a feasible way to build prediction models concerning TAVR prognosis. A dedicated bleeding risk prediction model was developed for TAVR patients to facilitate well-informed clinical decisions.