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Analysis of food sources and nutrient intakes of selected breastfeeding mothers in Metro Manila, Philippines

BACKGROUND: This study evaluated the food and nutrient intakes of selected breastfeeding mothers and identified the top food sources of nutrient intakes. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional, non-interventional study conducted in one of the private medical centers in Metro Manila, Philippines. Partici...

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Autores principales: Angeles-Agdeppa, Imelda, Custodio, Ma. Rosel S., Tanda, Keith V.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: BioMed Central 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8764776/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35042557
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40795-022-00502-1
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author Angeles-Agdeppa, Imelda
Custodio, Ma. Rosel S.
Tanda, Keith V.
author_facet Angeles-Agdeppa, Imelda
Custodio, Ma. Rosel S.
Tanda, Keith V.
author_sort Angeles-Agdeppa, Imelda
collection PubMed
description BACKGROUND: This study evaluated the food and nutrient intakes of selected breastfeeding mothers and identified the top food sources of nutrient intakes. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional, non-interventional study conducted in one of the private medical centers in Metro Manila, Philippines. Participants: The sample size included 70 mothers of healthy, term, exclusively breastfed infants aged 21–26 days at enrollment. Mothers were scheduled to visit the clinic at days 1, 22, 57, and day 90.Similarly, food diaries were obtained during these periods with a 3-day food record per clinic visit totaling to 12 records per mother at the end of 90 days. At every clinic visit, the records were validated face – to – face by the registered nutritionist – dietitians. An extension of the mother’s participation until day 155 was implemented for the collection of clinical outcomes used by Pediatricians. Mean food intakes were calculated. A PC-Software for Intake Distribution Estimation (PC-SIDE) program was used in the estimation of inadequate intakes. Socio-economic status was collected using standard questionnaires. Weight and height were measured using standard techniques to compute for BMI. RESULTS: Anthropometric results for the breastfeeding mothers reported a mean weight of 56.9 kg (SE = 1.3) and a mean height of 152.4 cm (SE = 0.6). In terms of body mass index (BMI), 8.6% were chronic energy deficient, and 34.3% were overweight while 12.9% were obese. Mean energy intake of breastfeeding mothers was 2516.7 kcal/day, which was 28.6% higher than the EER of 1957 kcal/day. Mean protein intake was 78.4 g/day, which was 37% inadequate while fat intake as percentage of total energy was excessive by 4%. Nutrient inadequacy is high for almost all nutrients: iron (99%), folate (96%), riboflavin (39%), vitamin B6 (63%), vitamin B12 (46%) and thiamine (22%). The top 5-food sources with highest percent contribution to energy are rice (43.1%), bread (8.1%), pork (7.7%), powdered milk (5.9%), and sweet bakery products (5%). CONCLUSIONS: There is a high prevalence of protein and micronutrient inadequacies in the diet of breastfeeding mothers. The prevalence of overweight and obesity is high among breastfeeding mothers. These findings might be explained by the low variety and nutrient-poor foods consumed by the breastfeeding mothers. Understanding the major food sources of nutrient intake of breastfeeding mothers could be used to intensify if not craft interventions to address the nutrient gaps. Improving the maternal nutrition may contribute to having quality breastmilk to infants. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40795-022-00502-1.
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spelling pubmed-87647762022-01-18 Analysis of food sources and nutrient intakes of selected breastfeeding mothers in Metro Manila, Philippines Angeles-Agdeppa, Imelda Custodio, Ma. Rosel S. Tanda, Keith V. BMC Nutr Research BACKGROUND: This study evaluated the food and nutrient intakes of selected breastfeeding mothers and identified the top food sources of nutrient intakes. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional, non-interventional study conducted in one of the private medical centers in Metro Manila, Philippines. Participants: The sample size included 70 mothers of healthy, term, exclusively breastfed infants aged 21–26 days at enrollment. Mothers were scheduled to visit the clinic at days 1, 22, 57, and day 90.Similarly, food diaries were obtained during these periods with a 3-day food record per clinic visit totaling to 12 records per mother at the end of 90 days. At every clinic visit, the records were validated face – to – face by the registered nutritionist – dietitians. An extension of the mother’s participation until day 155 was implemented for the collection of clinical outcomes used by Pediatricians. Mean food intakes were calculated. A PC-Software for Intake Distribution Estimation (PC-SIDE) program was used in the estimation of inadequate intakes. Socio-economic status was collected using standard questionnaires. Weight and height were measured using standard techniques to compute for BMI. RESULTS: Anthropometric results for the breastfeeding mothers reported a mean weight of 56.9 kg (SE = 1.3) and a mean height of 152.4 cm (SE = 0.6). In terms of body mass index (BMI), 8.6% were chronic energy deficient, and 34.3% were overweight while 12.9% were obese. Mean energy intake of breastfeeding mothers was 2516.7 kcal/day, which was 28.6% higher than the EER of 1957 kcal/day. Mean protein intake was 78.4 g/day, which was 37% inadequate while fat intake as percentage of total energy was excessive by 4%. Nutrient inadequacy is high for almost all nutrients: iron (99%), folate (96%), riboflavin (39%), vitamin B6 (63%), vitamin B12 (46%) and thiamine (22%). The top 5-food sources with highest percent contribution to energy are rice (43.1%), bread (8.1%), pork (7.7%), powdered milk (5.9%), and sweet bakery products (5%). CONCLUSIONS: There is a high prevalence of protein and micronutrient inadequacies in the diet of breastfeeding mothers. The prevalence of overweight and obesity is high among breastfeeding mothers. These findings might be explained by the low variety and nutrient-poor foods consumed by the breastfeeding mothers. Understanding the major food sources of nutrient intake of breastfeeding mothers could be used to intensify if not craft interventions to address the nutrient gaps. Improving the maternal nutrition may contribute to having quality breastmilk to infants. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40795-022-00502-1. BioMed Central 2022-01-18 /pmc/articles/PMC8764776/ /pubmed/35042557 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40795-022-00502-1 Text en © The Author(s) 2022 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) . The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) ) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.
spellingShingle Research
Angeles-Agdeppa, Imelda
Custodio, Ma. Rosel S.
Tanda, Keith V.
Analysis of food sources and nutrient intakes of selected breastfeeding mothers in Metro Manila, Philippines
title Analysis of food sources and nutrient intakes of selected breastfeeding mothers in Metro Manila, Philippines
title_full Analysis of food sources and nutrient intakes of selected breastfeeding mothers in Metro Manila, Philippines
title_fullStr Analysis of food sources and nutrient intakes of selected breastfeeding mothers in Metro Manila, Philippines
title_full_unstemmed Analysis of food sources and nutrient intakes of selected breastfeeding mothers in Metro Manila, Philippines
title_short Analysis of food sources and nutrient intakes of selected breastfeeding mothers in Metro Manila, Philippines
title_sort analysis of food sources and nutrient intakes of selected breastfeeding mothers in metro manila, philippines
topic Research
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8764776/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35042557
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40795-022-00502-1
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