Effect of Steam Injection during Carbonation on the Multicyclic Performance of Limestone (CaCO(3)) under Different Calcium Looping Conditions: A Comparative Study

[Image: see text] This study explores the effect of steam addition during carbonation on the multicyclic performance of limestone under calcium looping conditions compatible with (i) CO(2) capture from postcombustion gases (CCS) and with (ii) thermochemical energy storage (TCES). Steam injection has been proposed to improve the CO(2) uptake capacity of CaO-based sorbents when the calcination and carbonation loops are carried out in CCS conditions: at moderate carbonation temperatures (∼650 °C) under low CO(2) concentration (typically ∼15% at atmospheric pressure). However, the recent proposal of calcium-looping as a TCES system for integration into concentrated solar power (CSP) plants has aroused interest in higher carbonation temperatures (∼800–850 °C) in pure CO(2). Here, we show that steam benefits the multicyclic behavior in the milder conditions required for CCS. However, at the more aggressive conditions required in TCES, steam essentially has a neutral net effect as the CO(2) uptake promoted by the reduced CO(2) partial pressure but also is offset by the substantial steam-promoted mineralization in the high temperature range. Finally, we also demonstrate that the carbonation rate depends exclusively on the partial pressure of CO(2), regardless of the diluting gas employed.