Value-Added Bio-carbon Production through the Slow Pyrolysis of Waste Bio-oil: Fundamental Studies on Their Structure–Property–Processing Co-relation

[Image: see text] The present work addresses the transformation of bio-oil into valuable biocarbon through slow pyrolysis. The biocarbons produced at three different temperatures (400, 600, and 900 °C), 10 °C min(–1) heating rate, and 30 min holding time were tested for their surface morphology, thermal stability, elemental composition, functionality, particle size, and thermal and electrical conductivity. The physicochemical study of bio-oil showed substantial carbon content, higher heating value, and lower nitrogen content. Also, the Thermogravimetric analyzer–FourierTransform Infrared Spectroscopy (TGA-FTIR) study of bio-oil confirmed that the majority of gases released were hydrocarbons, carbonyl products, ethers, CO, and CO(2,) with a minor percentage of water and alcohol. Overall, it was found that the pyrolysis temperature has the dominant role in the yield and properties of biocarbon. The physicochemical characterization of biocarbon showed that the higher temperature based pyrolyzed biocarbon (600 and 900 °C) improved the properties in terms of thermal stability, thermal conductivity, graphitic content, ash content, and carbon content. Furthermore, the elemental and Energy-Dispersive Spectroscopy study of biocarbon confirmed the substantial depletion in oxygen and hydrogen at a higher temperature (600 and 900 °C) than the lower temperature based pyrolyzed biocarbon (400 °C). Additionally, the purest form of the biocarbon is found at a higher temperature (900 °C) with higher thermal stability and carbon content. The study of the surface morphology of biocarbon revealed that the higher temperature (600 and 900 °C) biocarbon showed larger and harder particles than the lower temperature biocarbon (400 °C); however, the electrical conductivity of biocarbon decreased, whereas thermal conductivity increased, with an increase in the pyrolysis temperatures. Moreover, the particle size analysis of biocarbon confirmed that most of the particles were found in the range of 1 μm. The increased thermal stability, carbon content, and graphitic content and the lower ash content endorse biocarbon as an excellent feedstock for carbon-based energy storage materials.