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Revisiting Antibiotic Resistance: Mechanistic Foundations to Evolutionary Outlook

Antibiotics are the pivotal pillar of contemporary healthcare and have contributed towards its advancement over the decades. Antibiotic resistance emerged as a critical warning to public wellbeing because of unsuccessful management efforts. Resistance is a natural adaptive tool that offers selection...

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Autores principales: Hasan, Chowdhury M., Dutta, Debprasad, Nguyen, An N. T.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8773413/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35052917
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11010040
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author Hasan, Chowdhury M.
Dutta, Debprasad
Nguyen, An N. T.
author_facet Hasan, Chowdhury M.
Dutta, Debprasad
Nguyen, An N. T.
author_sort Hasan, Chowdhury M.
collection PubMed
description Antibiotics are the pivotal pillar of contemporary healthcare and have contributed towards its advancement over the decades. Antibiotic resistance emerged as a critical warning to public wellbeing because of unsuccessful management efforts. Resistance is a natural adaptive tool that offers selection pressure to bacteria, and hence cannot be stopped entirely but rather be slowed down. Antibiotic resistance mutations mostly diminish bacterial reproductive fitness in an environment without antibiotics; however, a fraction of resistant populations ‘accidentally’ emerge as the fittest and thrive in a specific environmental condition, thus favouring the origin of a successful resistant clone. Therefore, despite the time-to-time amendment of treatment regimens, antibiotic resistance has evolved relentlessly. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), we are rapidly approaching a ‘post-antibiotic’ era. The knowledge gap about antibiotic resistance and room for progress is evident and unified combating strategies to mitigate the inadvertent trends of resistance seem to be lacking. Hence, a comprehensive understanding of the genetic and evolutionary foundations of antibiotic resistance will be efficacious to implement policies to force-stop the emergence of resistant bacteria and treat already emerged ones. Prediction of possible evolutionary lineages of resistant bacteria could offer an unswerving impact in precision medicine. In this review, we will discuss the key molecular mechanisms of resistance development in clinical settings and their spontaneous evolution.
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spelling pubmed-87734132022-01-21 Revisiting Antibiotic Resistance: Mechanistic Foundations to Evolutionary Outlook Hasan, Chowdhury M. Dutta, Debprasad Nguyen, An N. T. Antibiotics (Basel) Review Antibiotics are the pivotal pillar of contemporary healthcare and have contributed towards its advancement over the decades. Antibiotic resistance emerged as a critical warning to public wellbeing because of unsuccessful management efforts. Resistance is a natural adaptive tool that offers selection pressure to bacteria, and hence cannot be stopped entirely but rather be slowed down. Antibiotic resistance mutations mostly diminish bacterial reproductive fitness in an environment without antibiotics; however, a fraction of resistant populations ‘accidentally’ emerge as the fittest and thrive in a specific environmental condition, thus favouring the origin of a successful resistant clone. Therefore, despite the time-to-time amendment of treatment regimens, antibiotic resistance has evolved relentlessly. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), we are rapidly approaching a ‘post-antibiotic’ era. The knowledge gap about antibiotic resistance and room for progress is evident and unified combating strategies to mitigate the inadvertent trends of resistance seem to be lacking. Hence, a comprehensive understanding of the genetic and evolutionary foundations of antibiotic resistance will be efficacious to implement policies to force-stop the emergence of resistant bacteria and treat already emerged ones. Prediction of possible evolutionary lineages of resistant bacteria could offer an unswerving impact in precision medicine. In this review, we will discuss the key molecular mechanisms of resistance development in clinical settings and their spontaneous evolution. MDPI 2021-12-30 /pmc/articles/PMC8773413/ /pubmed/35052917 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11010040 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Hasan, Chowdhury M.
Dutta, Debprasad
Nguyen, An N. T.
Revisiting Antibiotic Resistance: Mechanistic Foundations to Evolutionary Outlook
title Revisiting Antibiotic Resistance: Mechanistic Foundations to Evolutionary Outlook
title_full Revisiting Antibiotic Resistance: Mechanistic Foundations to Evolutionary Outlook
title_fullStr Revisiting Antibiotic Resistance: Mechanistic Foundations to Evolutionary Outlook
title_full_unstemmed Revisiting Antibiotic Resistance: Mechanistic Foundations to Evolutionary Outlook
title_short Revisiting Antibiotic Resistance: Mechanistic Foundations to Evolutionary Outlook
title_sort revisiting antibiotic resistance: mechanistic foundations to evolutionary outlook
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8773413/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35052917
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11010040
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