Steering Witness and Steering Criterion of Gaussian States

Quantum steering is an important quantum resource, which is intermediate between entanglement and Bell nonlocality. In this paper, we study steering witnesses for Gaussian states in continuous-variable systems. We give a definition of steering witnesses by covariance matrices of Gaussian states, and then obtain a steering criterion by steering witnesses to detect steerability of any [Formula: see text]-mode Gaussian states. In addition, the conditions for two steering witnesses to be comparable and the optimality of steering witnesses are also discussed.