The lncRNAs at X Chromosome Inactivation Center: Not Just a Matter of Sex Dosage Compensation

Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) constitute the majority of the transcriptome, as the result of pervasive transcription of the mammalian genome. Different RNA species, such as lncRNAs, miRNAs, circRNA, mRNAs, engage in regulatory networks based on their reciprocal interactions, often in a competitive manner...

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Autores principales: Siniscalchi, Chiara, Di Palo, Armando, Russo, Aniello, Potenza, Nicoletta
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8775829/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35054794
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23020611
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author Siniscalchi, Chiara
Di Palo, Armando
Russo, Aniello
Potenza, Nicoletta
author_facet Siniscalchi, Chiara
Di Palo, Armando
Russo, Aniello
Potenza, Nicoletta
author_sort Siniscalchi, Chiara
collection PubMed
description Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) constitute the majority of the transcriptome, as the result of pervasive transcription of the mammalian genome. Different RNA species, such as lncRNAs, miRNAs, circRNA, mRNAs, engage in regulatory networks based on their reciprocal interactions, often in a competitive manner, in a way denominated “competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks” (“ceRNET”): miRNAs and other ncRNAs modulate each other, since miRNAs can regulate the expression of lncRNAs, which in turn regulate miRNAs, titrating their availability and thus competing with the binding to other RNA targets. The unbalancing of any network component can derail the entire regulatory circuit acting as a driving force for human diseases, thus assigning “new” functions to “old” molecules. This is the case of XIST, the lncRNA characterized in the early 1990s and well known as the essential molecule for X chromosome inactivation in mammalian females, thus preventing an imbalance of X-linked gene expression between females and males. Currently, literature concerning XIST biology is becoming dominated by miRNA associations and they are also gaining prominence for other lncRNAs produced by the X-inactivation center. This review discusses the available literature to explore possible novel functions related to ceRNA activity of lncRNAs produced by the X-inactivation center, beyond their role in dosage compensation, with prospective implications for emerging gender-biased functions and pathological mechanisms.
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spelling pubmed-87758292022-01-21 The lncRNAs at X Chromosome Inactivation Center: Not Just a Matter of Sex Dosage Compensation Siniscalchi, Chiara Di Palo, Armando Russo, Aniello Potenza, Nicoletta Int J Mol Sci Review Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) constitute the majority of the transcriptome, as the result of pervasive transcription of the mammalian genome. Different RNA species, such as lncRNAs, miRNAs, circRNA, mRNAs, engage in regulatory networks based on their reciprocal interactions, often in a competitive manner, in a way denominated “competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks” (“ceRNET”): miRNAs and other ncRNAs modulate each other, since miRNAs can regulate the expression of lncRNAs, which in turn regulate miRNAs, titrating their availability and thus competing with the binding to other RNA targets. The unbalancing of any network component can derail the entire regulatory circuit acting as a driving force for human diseases, thus assigning “new” functions to “old” molecules. This is the case of XIST, the lncRNA characterized in the early 1990s and well known as the essential molecule for X chromosome inactivation in mammalian females, thus preventing an imbalance of X-linked gene expression between females and males. Currently, literature concerning XIST biology is becoming dominated by miRNA associations and they are also gaining prominence for other lncRNAs produced by the X-inactivation center. This review discusses the available literature to explore possible novel functions related to ceRNA activity of lncRNAs produced by the X-inactivation center, beyond their role in dosage compensation, with prospective implications for emerging gender-biased functions and pathological mechanisms. MDPI 2022-01-06 /pmc/articles/PMC8775829/ /pubmed/35054794 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23020611 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Siniscalchi, Chiara
Di Palo, Armando
Russo, Aniello
Potenza, Nicoletta
The lncRNAs at X Chromosome Inactivation Center: Not Just a Matter of Sex Dosage Compensation
title The lncRNAs at X Chromosome Inactivation Center: Not Just a Matter of Sex Dosage Compensation
title_full The lncRNAs at X Chromosome Inactivation Center: Not Just a Matter of Sex Dosage Compensation
title_fullStr The lncRNAs at X Chromosome Inactivation Center: Not Just a Matter of Sex Dosage Compensation
title_full_unstemmed The lncRNAs at X Chromosome Inactivation Center: Not Just a Matter of Sex Dosage Compensation
title_short The lncRNAs at X Chromosome Inactivation Center: Not Just a Matter of Sex Dosage Compensation
title_sort lncrnas at x chromosome inactivation center: not just a matter of sex dosage compensation
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8775829/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35054794
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23020611
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