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Comparison of dehydration methods for untreated lignin resole by hot air oven and vacuum rotary evaporator to synthesize lignin-based phenolic foam
We investigate two different dehydration methods to determine their suitability for preparing resoles for foam synthesis. A simplified process for synthesizing lignin foam (LF) from lignin resole (LR) dehydrated in a hot air oven (HAO) is compared with that dehydrated using a vacuum rotary evaporato...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Elsevier
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8777089/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35079652 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08769 |
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author | Suttaphakdee, Pattaraporn Neramittagapong, Sutasinee Theerakulpisut, Somnuk Neramittagapong, Arthit Kumsaen, Tinnakorn Jina, Pornchaya Saengkhamsuk, Natthamon |
author_facet | Suttaphakdee, Pattaraporn Neramittagapong, Sutasinee Theerakulpisut, Somnuk Neramittagapong, Arthit Kumsaen, Tinnakorn Jina, Pornchaya Saengkhamsuk, Natthamon |
author_sort | Suttaphakdee, Pattaraporn |
collection | PubMed |
description | We investigate two different dehydration methods to determine their suitability for preparing resoles for foam synthesis. A simplified process for synthesizing lignin foam (LF) from lignin resole (LR) dehydrated in a hot air oven (HAO) is compared with that dehydrated using a vacuum rotary evaporator (VRE). First, the LR formulation is prepared by mixing phenol with untreated lignin (0%–15% by weight), and subsequently, the prepared LRs are dehydrated using an HAO and a VRE. We find that for the same dehydration time, both techniques yield LRs with the same chemical compositions; however, the HAO technique affords a moisture removal of 13–17% by weight, whereas the VRE technique removes 9–12% moisture by weight. The LR obtained by the HAO is more viscous and maintains a circular shape after being dropped on a plate. In our experimental synthesis of LF containing VRE resole, biofoam is not formed owing to insufficient viscosity, whereas biofoam is obtained with the HAO resole. The synthesized LF exhibits a density range of 44.96–85.68 kg/m(3) and a compressive strength of 103.28–152.27 kPa. Scanning electron microscopy investigations show that the morphology of the foam is a closed-cell structure. The simplified synthesis of LF from the HAO-treated resole offers significant advantages over the complexity of the conventional VRE approach in terms of equipment cost and energy consumption. The resulting foam exhibits a thermal stability and thermal performance comparable with the counterpart properties of phenolic foam. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8777089 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | Elsevier |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-87770892022-01-24 Comparison of dehydration methods for untreated lignin resole by hot air oven and vacuum rotary evaporator to synthesize lignin-based phenolic foam Suttaphakdee, Pattaraporn Neramittagapong, Sutasinee Theerakulpisut, Somnuk Neramittagapong, Arthit Kumsaen, Tinnakorn Jina, Pornchaya Saengkhamsuk, Natthamon Heliyon Research Article We investigate two different dehydration methods to determine their suitability for preparing resoles for foam synthesis. A simplified process for synthesizing lignin foam (LF) from lignin resole (LR) dehydrated in a hot air oven (HAO) is compared with that dehydrated using a vacuum rotary evaporator (VRE). First, the LR formulation is prepared by mixing phenol with untreated lignin (0%–15% by weight), and subsequently, the prepared LRs are dehydrated using an HAO and a VRE. We find that for the same dehydration time, both techniques yield LRs with the same chemical compositions; however, the HAO technique affords a moisture removal of 13–17% by weight, whereas the VRE technique removes 9–12% moisture by weight. The LR obtained by the HAO is more viscous and maintains a circular shape after being dropped on a plate. In our experimental synthesis of LF containing VRE resole, biofoam is not formed owing to insufficient viscosity, whereas biofoam is obtained with the HAO resole. The synthesized LF exhibits a density range of 44.96–85.68 kg/m(3) and a compressive strength of 103.28–152.27 kPa. Scanning electron microscopy investigations show that the morphology of the foam is a closed-cell structure. The simplified synthesis of LF from the HAO-treated resole offers significant advantages over the complexity of the conventional VRE approach in terms of equipment cost and energy consumption. The resulting foam exhibits a thermal stability and thermal performance comparable with the counterpart properties of phenolic foam. Elsevier 2022-01-13 /pmc/articles/PMC8777089/ /pubmed/35079652 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08769 Text en © 2022 The Author(s) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Research Article Suttaphakdee, Pattaraporn Neramittagapong, Sutasinee Theerakulpisut, Somnuk Neramittagapong, Arthit Kumsaen, Tinnakorn Jina, Pornchaya Saengkhamsuk, Natthamon Comparison of dehydration methods for untreated lignin resole by hot air oven and vacuum rotary evaporator to synthesize lignin-based phenolic foam |
title | Comparison of dehydration methods for untreated lignin resole by hot air oven and vacuum rotary evaporator to synthesize lignin-based phenolic foam |
title_full | Comparison of dehydration methods for untreated lignin resole by hot air oven and vacuum rotary evaporator to synthesize lignin-based phenolic foam |
title_fullStr | Comparison of dehydration methods for untreated lignin resole by hot air oven and vacuum rotary evaporator to synthesize lignin-based phenolic foam |
title_full_unstemmed | Comparison of dehydration methods for untreated lignin resole by hot air oven and vacuum rotary evaporator to synthesize lignin-based phenolic foam |
title_short | Comparison of dehydration methods for untreated lignin resole by hot air oven and vacuum rotary evaporator to synthesize lignin-based phenolic foam |
title_sort | comparison of dehydration methods for untreated lignin resole by hot air oven and vacuum rotary evaporator to synthesize lignin-based phenolic foam |
topic | Research Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8777089/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35079652 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08769 |
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