COVID-19 Across the Landscape of Long-Term Care in Alameda County: Heterogeneity and Disparities

Throughout the pandemic, public health and long-term care professionals in our urban California county have linked local and state COVID-19 data and performed observational exploratory analyses of the impacts among our diverse long-term care facilities (LTCFs). Case counts from LTCFs through March 2021 included 4309 (65%) in skilled nursing facilities (SNFs), 1667 (25%) in residential care facilities for the elderly (RCFEs), and 273 (4%) in continuing care retirement communities (CCRCs). These cases led to 582 COVID-19 resident deaths and 12 staff deaths based on death certificates. Data on decedents’ age, race, education, and country of birth reflected a hierarchy of wealth and socioeconomic status from CCRCs to RCFEs to SNFs. Mortality rates within SNFs were higher for non-Whites than Whites. Staff accounted for 42% of LTCF-associated COVID-19 cases, and over 75% of these staff were unlicensed. For all COVID-19 deaths in our jurisdiction, both LTCF and community, 82% of decedents were age 65 or over. Taking a comprehensive, population-based approach across our heterogenous LTCF landscape, we found socioeconomic disparities within COVID-19 cases and deaths of residents and staff. An improved data infrastructure linking public health and delivery systems would advance our understanding and potentiate life-saving interventions within this vulnerable ecosystem.