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Investigating the Production of Antimicrobial Nanoparticles by Chlorella vulgaris and the Link to Its Loss of Viability
Chlorella vulgaris from Al-Ahsa, KSA was proved to be an active silver and gold nanoparticle producer. Nanogold and nanosilver particles were characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electronmicroscopy. Both nanoparticles were used in the ant...
Autores principales: | , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8778990/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35056594 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10010145 |
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author | Aldayel, Munirah F. Al Kuwayti, Mayyadah A. El Semary, Nermin A. H. |
author_facet | Aldayel, Munirah F. Al Kuwayti, Mayyadah A. El Semary, Nermin A. H. |
author_sort | Aldayel, Munirah F. |
collection | PubMed |
description | Chlorella vulgaris from Al-Ahsa, KSA was proved to be an active silver and gold nanoparticle producer. Nanogold and nanosilver particles were characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electronmicroscopy. Both nanoparticles were used in the antimicrobial bioassay. The two nanoparticles showed antibacterial activities, with the silver nanoparticles being the most effective. To investigate the argumentative nature of their biosynthesis (i.e., whether it is a biotic or abiotic process), we isolated total ribonucleic acid RNA as an indicator of vitality. RNA was completely absent in samples taken after one week of incubation with silver nitrate and even after one or two days. However, successful extraction was only achievable in samples taken after incubation for one and four hours with silver nitrate. Most importantly, the gel image showed recognizable shearing of the nucleic acid after 4 h as compared to the control. An assumption can be drawn that the synthesis of nanoparticles may start biotically by the action of enzyme(s) and abiotically by action of reducing entities. Nonetheless, with prolonged incubation, excessive nanoparticle accumulation can be deadly. Hence, their synthesis continues abiotically. From the RNA banding profile, we suggest that nanosilver production starts both biotically and abiotically in the first few hours of incubation and then continues abiotically. Nanosilver particles proved to have more of an antimicrobial impact than nanogold and hence are recommended for different applications as antibacterial agents. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8778990 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-87789902022-01-22 Investigating the Production of Antimicrobial Nanoparticles by Chlorella vulgaris and the Link to Its Loss of Viability Aldayel, Munirah F. Al Kuwayti, Mayyadah A. El Semary, Nermin A. H. Microorganisms Article Chlorella vulgaris from Al-Ahsa, KSA was proved to be an active silver and gold nanoparticle producer. Nanogold and nanosilver particles were characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electronmicroscopy. Both nanoparticles were used in the antimicrobial bioassay. The two nanoparticles showed antibacterial activities, with the silver nanoparticles being the most effective. To investigate the argumentative nature of their biosynthesis (i.e., whether it is a biotic or abiotic process), we isolated total ribonucleic acid RNA as an indicator of vitality. RNA was completely absent in samples taken after one week of incubation with silver nitrate and even after one or two days. However, successful extraction was only achievable in samples taken after incubation for one and four hours with silver nitrate. Most importantly, the gel image showed recognizable shearing of the nucleic acid after 4 h as compared to the control. An assumption can be drawn that the synthesis of nanoparticles may start biotically by the action of enzyme(s) and abiotically by action of reducing entities. Nonetheless, with prolonged incubation, excessive nanoparticle accumulation can be deadly. Hence, their synthesis continues abiotically. From the RNA banding profile, we suggest that nanosilver production starts both biotically and abiotically in the first few hours of incubation and then continues abiotically. Nanosilver particles proved to have more of an antimicrobial impact than nanogold and hence are recommended for different applications as antibacterial agents. MDPI 2022-01-11 /pmc/articles/PMC8778990/ /pubmed/35056594 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10010145 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Aldayel, Munirah F. Al Kuwayti, Mayyadah A. El Semary, Nermin A. H. Investigating the Production of Antimicrobial Nanoparticles by Chlorella vulgaris and the Link to Its Loss of Viability |
title | Investigating the Production of Antimicrobial Nanoparticles by Chlorella vulgaris and the Link to Its Loss of Viability |
title_full | Investigating the Production of Antimicrobial Nanoparticles by Chlorella vulgaris and the Link to Its Loss of Viability |
title_fullStr | Investigating the Production of Antimicrobial Nanoparticles by Chlorella vulgaris and the Link to Its Loss of Viability |
title_full_unstemmed | Investigating the Production of Antimicrobial Nanoparticles by Chlorella vulgaris and the Link to Its Loss of Viability |
title_short | Investigating the Production of Antimicrobial Nanoparticles by Chlorella vulgaris and the Link to Its Loss of Viability |
title_sort | investigating the production of antimicrobial nanoparticles by chlorella vulgaris and the link to its loss of viability |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8778990/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35056594 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10010145 |
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