Bladder cancer and human papillomavirus association: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: The possible association of human papillomavirus (HPV) and bladder cancer has been controversial. Older findings suggest a significant association between the virus and bladder cancer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the data from the last ten years to estimate the prevalence of the virus in bladder cancer patients and to assess the association between the virus and cancer. METHOD: A search of major databases was conducted to retrieve published English language studies between January 2011 and March 2021. In the present study overall prevalence of the virus in bladder cancer patients was estimated along with the prevalence of subgroups. Also, the possible associations between the prevalence of the virus and bladder cancer and the possible impact of variables in the geographical area and the type of sample were measured by comprehensive meta-analysis software (V2.2, BIOSTAT). RESULTS: Unlike previous studies, despite the relatively high prevalence of the virus [pooled prevalence: 14.3% (95% CI 8.9–22.2%)] no significant association was found between HPV and bladder cancer (OR 2.077, 95% CI 0.940–4.587). No significant association was found between geographical area (except Asia) and type of sample with bladder cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Given the significant prevalence, despite the insignificance of the association between virus and cancer, it seems that more studies with case–control design are needed to elucidate this association.