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Trial Assay for Safe First-Aid Protocol for the Stinging Sea Anemone Anemonia viridis (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) and a Severe Toxic Reaction

Anemonia viridis is an abundant and widely distributed temperate sea anemone that can form dense congregations of individuals. Despite the potential severity of its sting, few detailed cases have been reported. We report a case of a severe toxic reaction following an A. viridis sting in a 35-year-ol...

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Autores principales: Ballesteros, Ainara, Salazar, Janire, Marambio, Macarena, Tena, José, García-March, José Rafael, López, Diana, Tellez, Clara, Trullas, Carles, Jourdan, Eric, Granger, Corinne, Gili, Josep-Maria
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8780947/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35051004
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins14010027
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author Ballesteros, Ainara
Salazar, Janire
Marambio, Macarena
Tena, José
García-March, José Rafael
López, Diana
Tellez, Clara
Trullas, Carles
Jourdan, Eric
Granger, Corinne
Gili, Josep-Maria
author_facet Ballesteros, Ainara
Salazar, Janire
Marambio, Macarena
Tena, José
García-March, José Rafael
López, Diana
Tellez, Clara
Trullas, Carles
Jourdan, Eric
Granger, Corinne
Gili, Josep-Maria
author_sort Ballesteros, Ainara
collection PubMed
description Anemonia viridis is an abundant and widely distributed temperate sea anemone that can form dense congregations of individuals. Despite the potential severity of its sting, few detailed cases have been reported. We report a case of a severe toxic reaction following an A. viridis sting in a 35-year-old oceanographer. She developed severe pain, itching, redness, and burning sensation, which worsened one week after treatment with anti-inflammatories, antihistamines and corticosteroids. Prompted by this event, and due to the insufficient risk prevention, lack of training for marine-environment users, and lack of research into sting-specific first-aid protocols, we evaluated the cnidocyst response to five different compounds commonly recommended as rinse solutions in first-aid protocols (seawater, vinegar, ammonia, baking soda, and freshwater) by means of the Tentacle Solution Assay. Vinegar and ammonia triggered an immediate and massive cnidocyst discharge after their application and were classified as activator solutions. Baking soda and freshwater were also classified as activator solutions, although with a lower intensity of discharge. Only seawater was classified as a neutral solution and therefore recommended as a rinse solution after A. viridis sting, at least until an inhibitory solution is discovered.
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spelling pubmed-87809472022-01-22 Trial Assay for Safe First-Aid Protocol for the Stinging Sea Anemone Anemonia viridis (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) and a Severe Toxic Reaction Ballesteros, Ainara Salazar, Janire Marambio, Macarena Tena, José García-March, José Rafael López, Diana Tellez, Clara Trullas, Carles Jourdan, Eric Granger, Corinne Gili, Josep-Maria Toxins (Basel) Article Anemonia viridis is an abundant and widely distributed temperate sea anemone that can form dense congregations of individuals. Despite the potential severity of its sting, few detailed cases have been reported. We report a case of a severe toxic reaction following an A. viridis sting in a 35-year-old oceanographer. She developed severe pain, itching, redness, and burning sensation, which worsened one week after treatment with anti-inflammatories, antihistamines and corticosteroids. Prompted by this event, and due to the insufficient risk prevention, lack of training for marine-environment users, and lack of research into sting-specific first-aid protocols, we evaluated the cnidocyst response to five different compounds commonly recommended as rinse solutions in first-aid protocols (seawater, vinegar, ammonia, baking soda, and freshwater) by means of the Tentacle Solution Assay. Vinegar and ammonia triggered an immediate and massive cnidocyst discharge after their application and were classified as activator solutions. Baking soda and freshwater were also classified as activator solutions, although with a lower intensity of discharge. Only seawater was classified as a neutral solution and therefore recommended as a rinse solution after A. viridis sting, at least until an inhibitory solution is discovered. MDPI 2022-01-01 /pmc/articles/PMC8780947/ /pubmed/35051004 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins14010027 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Ballesteros, Ainara
Salazar, Janire
Marambio, Macarena
Tena, José
García-March, José Rafael
López, Diana
Tellez, Clara
Trullas, Carles
Jourdan, Eric
Granger, Corinne
Gili, Josep-Maria
Trial Assay for Safe First-Aid Protocol for the Stinging Sea Anemone Anemonia viridis (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) and a Severe Toxic Reaction
title Trial Assay for Safe First-Aid Protocol for the Stinging Sea Anemone Anemonia viridis (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) and a Severe Toxic Reaction
title_full Trial Assay for Safe First-Aid Protocol for the Stinging Sea Anemone Anemonia viridis (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) and a Severe Toxic Reaction
title_fullStr Trial Assay for Safe First-Aid Protocol for the Stinging Sea Anemone Anemonia viridis (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) and a Severe Toxic Reaction
title_full_unstemmed Trial Assay for Safe First-Aid Protocol for the Stinging Sea Anemone Anemonia viridis (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) and a Severe Toxic Reaction
title_short Trial Assay for Safe First-Aid Protocol for the Stinging Sea Anemone Anemonia viridis (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) and a Severe Toxic Reaction
title_sort trial assay for safe first-aid protocol for the stinging sea anemone anemonia viridis (cnidaria: anthozoa) and a severe toxic reaction
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8780947/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35051004
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins14010027
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