Superselective Prostate Artery Embolization for Treatment of Severe Haematuria Secondary to Rapid Progression of Treatment-Induced Neuroendocrine Prostate Cancer: A Case Report

BACKGROUND: Treatment-induced neuroendocrine prostate cancer (t-NEPC) represents a highly aggressive subtype of castration-resistant prostate cancer that commonly arises from prostate adenocarcinoma (AdPC) after continuous androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). However, current treatments for t-NEPC are limited and far from satisfactory. According to our limited knowledge, report regarding the management of t-NEPC related hemorrhage is rare. Here, we report a case of t-NEPC formation after chronic hormonal therapy accompanying with severe bleeding in primary tumor and share our experiences to deal with the severe hematuria resulting from the progression of t-NEPC tumor. CASE PRESENTATION: An 80-year-old man with a significantly high prostate-specific antigen was diagnosed via pathology as advanced AdPC due to multiple bone metastases. He then received ADT including bicalutamide and goserelin. After 20 months of stable disease, the cancer rapidly progressed and presented with severe gross hematuria caused by bleeding of the primary tumor. The histopathologic analysis of a secondary biopsy of the primary tumor confirmed neuroendocrine prostate cancer, and subsequent genetic testing revealed germ-line mutations in the RB1 and FOXA1. To control the bleeding and relieve symptoms, the patient was treated with superselective prostate artery embolization (PAE). After the left internal pudendal artery and the right prostatic artery were embolized, hematuria was quickly alleviated and disappeared. However, the patient was not a suitable candidate to platinum-based chemotherapy due to weak constitution. Goserelin was continuously applied to maintain castration level of serum testosterone. Meanwhile, palliative radiotherapy to the prostate tumor, high-risk lymph node drainage areas (including iliac and para-aortic lymph nodes, internal iliac lymph nodes, presacral lymph nodes and obturator nerve lymph nodes) and bone metastases (right sacroiliac joint and thoracic vertebra) was performed and relieved the pain. Unfortunately, this patient eventually died of cachexia and multiple organ failure nearly 27 months after initial diagnosis. CONCLUSION: To treat severe hematuria caused by progression of t-NEPC, superselective PAE may be a rapid and efficient way to stop bleeding.