Torsional deformities and overuse injuries: what does the literature tell us

Overuse injuries imply the occurrence of a repetitive or an increased load on a specific anatomical segment which is unable to recover from this redundant microtrauma, thus leading to an inflammatory process of tendons, physis, bursa, or bone. Even if the aetiology is controversial, the most accepted is the traumatic one. Limb malalignment has been cited as one of the major risk factors implicated in the development of overuse injuries. Many authors investigated correlations between anatomical deviations and overuse injuries, but results appear mainly inconclusive. Establishing a causal relationship between mechanical stimuli and symptoms will remain a challenge, but 3D motion analysis, musculoskeletal, and finite element modelling may help in clarifying which are the major risk factors for overuse injuries.