Vascular characteristics and expression of hypoxia genes in Tibetan pigs’ hearts

BACKGROUND: Tibetan pigs have exhibited unique characteristics from low‐altitudes pigs and adapted well to the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau. OBJECTIVES: The current study was undertaken to investigate the hypoxic adaptation of heart in Tibetan pigs. METHODS: The hearts of Tibetan pigs and Landrace pigs raised at high or low altitudes were compared using 3D casting technology, scanning electron microscopy and real‐time quantitative PCR (qRT‐PCR). RESULTS: We found that the ratio of the major axis to the minor axis and the density of the heart were significantly higher in Tibetan pigs than in Landrace pigs (p < 0.05). Tibetan pigs had larger diameters and higher densities of arterioles than Landrace pigs (p < 0.05), and these features have a similar variation with the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The cardiac expression levels of hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α (HIF‐1α) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) were significantly higher in pigs reared at high altitudes than in those reared at low altitudes (p < 0.05). In contrast, Egl nine homolog 1 (EGLN1) had the opposite trend with respect to HIF‐1α and eNOS and was related to red blood cell (RBC) counts. Notably, the expressions of erythropoietin (EPO) and endothelial PAS domain‐containing protein 1 (EPAS1) were significantly higher in Landrace pigs kept at high altitudes than in the others (p < 0.05) and were associated with haemoglobin. CONCLUSIONS: These findings show that the regulation of the heart function of Tibetan pigs in a hypoxic environment is manifested at various levels to ensure the circulation of blood under extreme environmental conditions.