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Optimized Method for Pseudomonas aeruginosa Integrative Filamentous Bacteriophage Propagation
Filamentous bacteriophages frequently infect Pseudomonas aeruginosa and alter its phenotypic traits, including virulence factors. The first step in examination of these phages is to obtain suspensions with high virus titer, but as there are no methods for integrative filamentous phage multiplication...
Autores principales: | , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2022
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8790315/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35095778 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.707815 |
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author | Gavric, Damir Knezevic, Petar |
author_facet | Gavric, Damir Knezevic, Petar |
author_sort | Gavric, Damir |
collection | PubMed |
description | Filamentous bacteriophages frequently infect Pseudomonas aeruginosa and alter its phenotypic traits, including virulence factors. The first step in examination of these phages is to obtain suspensions with high virus titer, but as there are no methods for integrative filamentous phage multiplication, the aim was to design, describe, and compare two methods for this purpose. As models, three strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, containing (pro)phages Pf4, Pf5, and PfLES were used (PAO1, UCBPP-PA14, and LESB58, respectively). Method 1 comprised propagation of phages in 6 L of bacterial culture for 48 h, and method 2 applied 600 mL culture and incubation for 6 days with centrifugation and addition of new medium and inoculum at 2-day intervals. In method 1, phages were propagated by culture agitation, followed by centrifugation and filtration (0.45 and 0.22 μm), and in method 2, cultures were agitated and centrifuged several times to remove bacteria without filtration. Regardless of the propagation method, supernatants were subjected to concentration by PEG8000 and CsCl equilibrium density gradient centrifugation, and phage bands were removed after ultracentrifugation and dialyzed. In the obtained suspensions, phage titer was determined, and concentration of isolated ssDNA from virions was measured. When propagation method 2 was compared with method 1, the phage bands in CsCl were much thicker, phage number was 3.5–7.4 logs greater, and concentration of ssDNA was 7.6–22.4 times higher. When phage count was monitored from days 2 to 6, virion numbers increased for 1.8–5.6 logs, depending on phage. We also observed that filamentous phage plaques faded after 8 h of incubation when the double layer agar spot method was applied, whereas the plaques were visible for 24 h on single-layer agar. Finally, for the first time, we confirmed existence of replicative form and virions of PfLES (pro)phage as well as its ability to produce plaques. Similarly, for the first time, we confirmed plaque production of Pf5 (pro)phage present in P. aeruginosa strain UCBPP-PA14. The described method 2 has many advantages and can be further improved and adopted for filamentous phages of other hosts. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8790315 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-87903152022-01-27 Optimized Method for Pseudomonas aeruginosa Integrative Filamentous Bacteriophage Propagation Gavric, Damir Knezevic, Petar Front Microbiol Microbiology Filamentous bacteriophages frequently infect Pseudomonas aeruginosa and alter its phenotypic traits, including virulence factors. The first step in examination of these phages is to obtain suspensions with high virus titer, but as there are no methods for integrative filamentous phage multiplication, the aim was to design, describe, and compare two methods for this purpose. As models, three strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, containing (pro)phages Pf4, Pf5, and PfLES were used (PAO1, UCBPP-PA14, and LESB58, respectively). Method 1 comprised propagation of phages in 6 L of bacterial culture for 48 h, and method 2 applied 600 mL culture and incubation for 6 days with centrifugation and addition of new medium and inoculum at 2-day intervals. In method 1, phages were propagated by culture agitation, followed by centrifugation and filtration (0.45 and 0.22 μm), and in method 2, cultures were agitated and centrifuged several times to remove bacteria without filtration. Regardless of the propagation method, supernatants were subjected to concentration by PEG8000 and CsCl equilibrium density gradient centrifugation, and phage bands were removed after ultracentrifugation and dialyzed. In the obtained suspensions, phage titer was determined, and concentration of isolated ssDNA from virions was measured. When propagation method 2 was compared with method 1, the phage bands in CsCl were much thicker, phage number was 3.5–7.4 logs greater, and concentration of ssDNA was 7.6–22.4 times higher. When phage count was monitored from days 2 to 6, virion numbers increased for 1.8–5.6 logs, depending on phage. We also observed that filamentous phage plaques faded after 8 h of incubation when the double layer agar spot method was applied, whereas the plaques were visible for 24 h on single-layer agar. Finally, for the first time, we confirmed existence of replicative form and virions of PfLES (pro)phage as well as its ability to produce plaques. Similarly, for the first time, we confirmed plaque production of Pf5 (pro)phage present in P. aeruginosa strain UCBPP-PA14. The described method 2 has many advantages and can be further improved and adopted for filamentous phages of other hosts. Frontiers Media S.A. 2022-01-12 /pmc/articles/PMC8790315/ /pubmed/35095778 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.707815 Text en Copyright © 2022 Gavric and Knezevic. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Microbiology Gavric, Damir Knezevic, Petar Optimized Method for Pseudomonas aeruginosa Integrative Filamentous Bacteriophage Propagation |
title | Optimized Method for Pseudomonas aeruginosa Integrative Filamentous Bacteriophage Propagation |
title_full | Optimized Method for Pseudomonas aeruginosa Integrative Filamentous Bacteriophage Propagation |
title_fullStr | Optimized Method for Pseudomonas aeruginosa Integrative Filamentous Bacteriophage Propagation |
title_full_unstemmed | Optimized Method for Pseudomonas aeruginosa Integrative Filamentous Bacteriophage Propagation |
title_short | Optimized Method for Pseudomonas aeruginosa Integrative Filamentous Bacteriophage Propagation |
title_sort | optimized method for pseudomonas aeruginosa integrative filamentous bacteriophage propagation |
topic | Microbiology |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8790315/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35095778 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.707815 |
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