Nutrient use efficiency (NUE) of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) as affected by NPK fertilization

Nutrient use efficiency is crucial for increasing crop yield and quality while reducing fertilizer inputs and minimizing environmental damage. The experiments were carried out in silty clay loam soil of Lalitpur, Nepal, to examine how different amounts of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) influenced crop performance and nutrient efficiency indices in wheat during 2019/20 and 2020/21. The field experiment comprised three factorial randomized complete block designs that were replicated three times. N levels (100, 125, 150 N kg ha(-1)), P levels (25, 50, 75 P(2)O(5) kg ha(-1)), and K levels (25, 50, 75 K(2)O kg ha(-1)) were three factors evaluated, with a total of 27 treatment combinations. Grain yields were significantly increased by N and K levels and were optimum @ 125 kg N ha(-1) and @ 50 kg K(2)O ha(-1) with grain yields of 6.33 t ha(-1) and 6.30 t ha(-1), respectively. Nutrient levels influenced statistically partial factor productivity, internal efficiency, partial nutrient budget, recovery efficiency, agronomic efficiency, and physiological efficiency of NPK for wheat. Nutrient efficiency was found to be higher at lower doses of their respective nutrients. Higher P and K fertilizer rates enhanced wheat N efficiencies, and the case was relevant for P and K efficiencies as well. Wheat was more responsive to N and K fertilizer, and a lower rate of P application reduced N and K fertilizer efficiency. This study recommends to use N @ 125 kg ha(-1), P(2)O(5) @ 25 kg ha(-1) and K(2)O @ 50 kg ha(-1) as an optimum rate for efficient nutrient management in wheat in mid-hills of Nepal.