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Classification of 74 facial emoji’s emotional states on the valence-arousal axes

Emojis are frequently used by people worldwide as a tool to express one’s emotional states and have recently been considered for assessment in research. However, details regarding the ways in which they correspond to human emotional states remain unidentified. Thus, this study aimed to understand ho...

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Autores principales: Kutsuzawa, Gaku, Umemura, Hiroyuki, Eto, Koichiro, Kobayashi, Yoshiyuki
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Nature Publishing Group UK 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8795184/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35087076
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-04357-7
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author Kutsuzawa, Gaku
Umemura, Hiroyuki
Eto, Koichiro
Kobayashi, Yoshiyuki
author_facet Kutsuzawa, Gaku
Umemura, Hiroyuki
Eto, Koichiro
Kobayashi, Yoshiyuki
author_sort Kutsuzawa, Gaku
collection PubMed
description Emojis are frequently used by people worldwide as a tool to express one’s emotional states and have recently been considered for assessment in research. However, details regarding the ways in which they correspond to human emotional states remain unidentified. Thus, this study aimed to understand how emojis are classified on the valence and arousal axes and to examine the relationship between the former and human emotional states. In an online survey involving 1082 participants, a nine-point scale was employed to evaluate the valence and arousal levels of 74 facial emojis. Results from the cluster analysis revealed these emojis to be categorized into six different clusters on the two axes of valence and arousal. Further, the one-way analysis of variance indicated that these clusters have six valence and four arousal levels. From the results, each cluster was interpreted as (1) a strong negative sentiment, (2) a moderately negative sentiment, (3) a neutral sentiment with a negative bias, (4) a neutral sentiment with a positive bias, (5) a moderately positive sentiment, and (6) a strong positive sentiment. Therefore, facial emojis were found to comprehensively express the human emotional states.
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spelling pubmed-87951842022-01-28 Classification of 74 facial emoji’s emotional states on the valence-arousal axes Kutsuzawa, Gaku Umemura, Hiroyuki Eto, Koichiro Kobayashi, Yoshiyuki Sci Rep Article Emojis are frequently used by people worldwide as a tool to express one’s emotional states and have recently been considered for assessment in research. However, details regarding the ways in which they correspond to human emotional states remain unidentified. Thus, this study aimed to understand how emojis are classified on the valence and arousal axes and to examine the relationship between the former and human emotional states. In an online survey involving 1082 participants, a nine-point scale was employed to evaluate the valence and arousal levels of 74 facial emojis. Results from the cluster analysis revealed these emojis to be categorized into six different clusters on the two axes of valence and arousal. Further, the one-way analysis of variance indicated that these clusters have six valence and four arousal levels. From the results, each cluster was interpreted as (1) a strong negative sentiment, (2) a moderately negative sentiment, (3) a neutral sentiment with a negative bias, (4) a neutral sentiment with a positive bias, (5) a moderately positive sentiment, and (6) a strong positive sentiment. Therefore, facial emojis were found to comprehensively express the human emotional states. Nature Publishing Group UK 2022-01-27 /pmc/articles/PMC8795184/ /pubmed/35087076 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-04357-7 Text en © The Author(s) 2022 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) .
spellingShingle Article
Kutsuzawa, Gaku
Umemura, Hiroyuki
Eto, Koichiro
Kobayashi, Yoshiyuki
Classification of 74 facial emoji’s emotional states on the valence-arousal axes
title Classification of 74 facial emoji’s emotional states on the valence-arousal axes
title_full Classification of 74 facial emoji’s emotional states on the valence-arousal axes
title_fullStr Classification of 74 facial emoji’s emotional states on the valence-arousal axes
title_full_unstemmed Classification of 74 facial emoji’s emotional states on the valence-arousal axes
title_short Classification of 74 facial emoji’s emotional states on the valence-arousal axes
title_sort classification of 74 facial emoji’s emotional states on the valence-arousal axes
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8795184/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35087076
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-04357-7
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