Adverse Events and Hospital-Acquired Conditions Associated With Potential Low-Value Care in Medicare Beneficiaries

IMPORTANCE: There has been insufficient research on the patient harms and costs associated with potential low-value procedures in the US Medicare population. OBJECTIVE: To report the prevalence of adverse events associated with potential low-value procedures and the additional hospital length of stay (LOS) and costs. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This is a retrospective cohort study using Medicare fee-for-service claims between January 2016 to December 2018. Participants were aged 65 years or older. Procedures were selected if they had previously published indicators of low-value care, including knee arthroscopy, spinal fusion, vertebroplasty, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), carotid endarterectomy, renal stenting, and hysterectomy for benign conditions. Analysis was conducted from July to December, 2020. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: For inpatient procedures, the number and rate of admissions with a hospital-acquired condition (HAC) or patient safety indicator event (PSIs), as well as the unadjusted and adjusted difference in mean LOS and Medicare costs between admissions with and without a HAC/PSI. For outpatient procedures, we report the number of claims where the beneficiary had an unplanned hospital admission within seven days and the number of these admissions with a HAC/PSI. RESULTS: There were 573 351 patients included in the study, with 617 264 procedures; the mean (SD) age was 74.2 (6.7) years, with 320 637 women (55.9%), and mostly White patients (520 735; 90.8%). Among the 197 755 claims for the inpatient procedures, 231 had an HAC and 1764 had a PSI. Spinal fusion was associated with the most HACs (123 admissions) and PSIs (1015 admissions). Overall, HACs during a PCI admission were associated with the highest adjusted additional mean LOS (17.5 days; 95% CI, 10.3-23.6), with also the highest adjusted additional mean cost ($22 000; 95% CI, $9100-$32 600). There were 419 509 included outpatient procedures, and 7514 (1.8%) had an unplanned admission within 7 days. A total of 17 HACs and PSIs occurred in these admissions. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In this cross-sectional cohort study of Medicare fee-for-service claims, patients receiving potential low-value care were exposed to risk of unnecessary harm associated with higher cost and LOS.