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A Crossover Randomized Controlled Trial of Priming Interventions to Increase Hand Hygiene at Ward Entrances
BACKGROUND: Research conducted in the United States suggests that two primes (citrus smells and pictures of a person's eyes) can increase hand gel dispenser use on the day they are introduced in hospital. The current study, conducted at a hospital in the United Kingdom, evaluated the effectiven...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8801705/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35111716 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.781359 |
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author | Schmidtke, Kelly Ann Aujla, Navneet Marshall, Tom Hussain, Abid Hodgkinson, Gerard P. Arheart, Kristopher L. Birnbach, David J. Kudrna, Laura Vlaev, Ivo |
author_facet | Schmidtke, Kelly Ann Aujla, Navneet Marshall, Tom Hussain, Abid Hodgkinson, Gerard P. Arheart, Kristopher L. Birnbach, David J. Kudrna, Laura Vlaev, Ivo |
author_sort | Schmidtke, Kelly Ann |
collection | PubMed |
description | BACKGROUND: Research conducted in the United States suggests that two primes (citrus smells and pictures of a person's eyes) can increase hand gel dispenser use on the day they are introduced in hospital. The current study, conducted at a hospital in the United Kingdom, evaluated the effectiveness of these primes, both in isolation and in combination, at the entry way to four separate wards, over a longer duration than the previous work. METHODS: A crossover randomized controlled trial was conducted. Four wards were allocated for 6 weeks of observation to each of four conditions, including “control,” “olfactory,” “visual,” or “both” (i.e., “olfactory” and “visual” combined). It was hypothesized that hand hygiene compliance would be greater in all priming conditions relative to the control condition. The primary outcome was whether people used the gel dispenser when they entered the wards. After the trial, a follow up survey of staff at the same hospital assessed the barriers to, and facilitators of, hand hygiene compliance. The trial data were analyzed using regression techniques and the survey data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. RESULTS: The total number of individuals observed in the trial was 9,811 (female = 61%), with similar numbers across conditions, including “control” N = 2,582, “olfactory” N = 2,700, “visual” N = 2,488, and “both” N = 2,141. None of the priming conditions consistently increased hand hygiene. The lowest percentage compliance was observed in the “both” condition (7.8%), and the highest was observed in the “visual” condition (12.7%). The survey was completed by 97 staff (female = 81%). “Environmental resources” and “social influences” were the greatest barriers to staff cleaning their hands. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, the current findings suggest that the olfactory and visual priming interventions investigated do not influence hand hygiene consistently. To increase the likelihood of such interventions succeeding, future research should focus on prospectively determined mechanisms of action. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8801705 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-88017052022-02-01 A Crossover Randomized Controlled Trial of Priming Interventions to Increase Hand Hygiene at Ward Entrances Schmidtke, Kelly Ann Aujla, Navneet Marshall, Tom Hussain, Abid Hodgkinson, Gerard P. Arheart, Kristopher L. Birnbach, David J. Kudrna, Laura Vlaev, Ivo Front Public Health Public Health BACKGROUND: Research conducted in the United States suggests that two primes (citrus smells and pictures of a person's eyes) can increase hand gel dispenser use on the day they are introduced in hospital. The current study, conducted at a hospital in the United Kingdom, evaluated the effectiveness of these primes, both in isolation and in combination, at the entry way to four separate wards, over a longer duration than the previous work. METHODS: A crossover randomized controlled trial was conducted. Four wards were allocated for 6 weeks of observation to each of four conditions, including “control,” “olfactory,” “visual,” or “both” (i.e., “olfactory” and “visual” combined). It was hypothesized that hand hygiene compliance would be greater in all priming conditions relative to the control condition. The primary outcome was whether people used the gel dispenser when they entered the wards. After the trial, a follow up survey of staff at the same hospital assessed the barriers to, and facilitators of, hand hygiene compliance. The trial data were analyzed using regression techniques and the survey data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. RESULTS: The total number of individuals observed in the trial was 9,811 (female = 61%), with similar numbers across conditions, including “control” N = 2,582, “olfactory” N = 2,700, “visual” N = 2,488, and “both” N = 2,141. None of the priming conditions consistently increased hand hygiene. The lowest percentage compliance was observed in the “both” condition (7.8%), and the highest was observed in the “visual” condition (12.7%). The survey was completed by 97 staff (female = 81%). “Environmental resources” and “social influences” were the greatest barriers to staff cleaning their hands. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, the current findings suggest that the olfactory and visual priming interventions investigated do not influence hand hygiene consistently. To increase the likelihood of such interventions succeeding, future research should focus on prospectively determined mechanisms of action. Frontiers Media S.A. 2022-01-17 /pmc/articles/PMC8801705/ /pubmed/35111716 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.781359 Text en Copyright © 2022 Schmidtke, Aujla, Marshall, Hussain, Hodgkinson, Arheart, Birnbach, Kudrna and Vlaev. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Public Health Schmidtke, Kelly Ann Aujla, Navneet Marshall, Tom Hussain, Abid Hodgkinson, Gerard P. Arheart, Kristopher L. Birnbach, David J. Kudrna, Laura Vlaev, Ivo A Crossover Randomized Controlled Trial of Priming Interventions to Increase Hand Hygiene at Ward Entrances |
title | A Crossover Randomized Controlled Trial of Priming Interventions to Increase Hand Hygiene at Ward Entrances |
title_full | A Crossover Randomized Controlled Trial of Priming Interventions to Increase Hand Hygiene at Ward Entrances |
title_fullStr | A Crossover Randomized Controlled Trial of Priming Interventions to Increase Hand Hygiene at Ward Entrances |
title_full_unstemmed | A Crossover Randomized Controlled Trial of Priming Interventions to Increase Hand Hygiene at Ward Entrances |
title_short | A Crossover Randomized Controlled Trial of Priming Interventions to Increase Hand Hygiene at Ward Entrances |
title_sort | crossover randomized controlled trial of priming interventions to increase hand hygiene at ward entrances |
topic | Public Health |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8801705/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35111716 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.781359 |
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