Effects of chemical forms of gadolinium on the spleen in mice after single intravenous administration

Gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) are widely used to improve tissue contrast during magnetic resonance imaging. Exposure to GBCAs can result in gadolinium deposition within human tissues and has become a clinical concern because of the potential toxic effects of free gadolinium (Gd(3+)). Here, we report the impact of a single administration of GBCAs (Omniscan and Gadovist), and Gd(3+) on mouse tissues. Five-week-old male BALB/c mice were injected intravenously with GBCAs or Gd(3+). Seven days after injection, relatively high levels of gadolinium were detected in the spleen (118.87 nmol/g tissue), liver (83.00 nmol/g tissue), skin (48.56 nmol/g tissue), and kidneys (25.59 nmol/g tissue) of the Gd(NO(3))(3) (high dose: 0.165 mmol/kg) group; in the bones (11.12 nmol/g tissue), kidneys (7.49 nmol/g tissue), teeth (teeth: 6.18 nmol/g tissue), and skin (2.43 nmol/g tissue) of the Omniscan (high dose: 1.654 mmol/kg) group and in the kidneys (16.36 nmol/g tissue) and skin (4.88 nmol/g tissue) of the Gadovist (high dose: 3.308 mmol/kg) group. Enlargement of the spleen was observed in the Gd(3+) group (p < 0.05), but not in the Omniscan or Gadovist groups. Gd(3+) caused iron accumulation around the white pulp of the spleen, suggesting that enlargement of the spleen is, at least in part, associated with Gd(3+) and/or iron accumulation. Our results may help elucidate the relative risks of different types of gadolinium agents, the mechanisms involved, and even recognition of potential toxic effects of GBCAs.