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Structure and function of the ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase (ENPP) family: Tidying up diversity

Ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase (ENPP) family members (ENPP1–7) have been implicated in key biological and pathophysiological processes, including nucleotide and phospholipid signaling, bone mineralization, fibrotic diseases, and tumor-associated immune cell infiltration. ENPPs are...

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Autores principales: Borza, Razvan, Salgado-Polo, Fernando, Moolenaar, Wouter H., Perrakis, Anastassis
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8808174/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34958798
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101526
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author Borza, Razvan
Salgado-Polo, Fernando
Moolenaar, Wouter H.
Perrakis, Anastassis
author_facet Borza, Razvan
Salgado-Polo, Fernando
Moolenaar, Wouter H.
Perrakis, Anastassis
author_sort Borza, Razvan
collection PubMed
description Ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase (ENPP) family members (ENPP1–7) have been implicated in key biological and pathophysiological processes, including nucleotide and phospholipid signaling, bone mineralization, fibrotic diseases, and tumor-associated immune cell infiltration. ENPPs are single-pass transmembrane ecto-enzymes, with notable exceptions of ENPP2 (Autotaxin) and ENNP6, which are secreted and glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored, respectively. ENNP1 and ENNP2 are the best characterized and functionally the most interesting members. Here, we review the structural features of ENPP1–7 to understand how they evolved to accommodate specific substrates and mediate different biological activities. ENPPs are defined by a conserved phosphodiesterase (PDE) domain. In ENPP1–3, the PDE domain is flanked by two N-terminal somatomedin B-like domains and a C-terminal inactive nuclease domain that confers structural stability, whereas ENPP4–7 only possess the PDE domain. Structural differences in the substrate-binding site endow each protein with unique characteristics. Thus, ENPP1, ENPP3, ENPP4, and ENPP5 hydrolyze nucleotides, whereas ENPP2, ENPP6, and ENNP7 evolved as phospholipases through adaptions in the catalytic domain. These adaptations explain the different biological and pathophysiological functions of individual members. Understanding the ENPP members as a whole advances our insights into common mechanisms, highlights their functional diversity, and helps to explore new biological roles.
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spelling pubmed-88081742022-02-08 Structure and function of the ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase (ENPP) family: Tidying up diversity Borza, Razvan Salgado-Polo, Fernando Moolenaar, Wouter H. Perrakis, Anastassis J Biol Chem JBC Reviews Ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase (ENPP) family members (ENPP1–7) have been implicated in key biological and pathophysiological processes, including nucleotide and phospholipid signaling, bone mineralization, fibrotic diseases, and tumor-associated immune cell infiltration. ENPPs are single-pass transmembrane ecto-enzymes, with notable exceptions of ENPP2 (Autotaxin) and ENNP6, which are secreted and glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored, respectively. ENNP1 and ENNP2 are the best characterized and functionally the most interesting members. Here, we review the structural features of ENPP1–7 to understand how they evolved to accommodate specific substrates and mediate different biological activities. ENPPs are defined by a conserved phosphodiesterase (PDE) domain. In ENPP1–3, the PDE domain is flanked by two N-terminal somatomedin B-like domains and a C-terminal inactive nuclease domain that confers structural stability, whereas ENPP4–7 only possess the PDE domain. Structural differences in the substrate-binding site endow each protein with unique characteristics. Thus, ENPP1, ENPP3, ENPP4, and ENPP5 hydrolyze nucleotides, whereas ENPP2, ENPP6, and ENNP7 evolved as phospholipases through adaptions in the catalytic domain. These adaptations explain the different biological and pathophysiological functions of individual members. Understanding the ENPP members as a whole advances our insights into common mechanisms, highlights their functional diversity, and helps to explore new biological roles. American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 2021-12-24 /pmc/articles/PMC8808174/ /pubmed/34958798 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101526 Text en © 2021 The Authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
spellingShingle JBC Reviews
Borza, Razvan
Salgado-Polo, Fernando
Moolenaar, Wouter H.
Perrakis, Anastassis
Structure and function of the ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase (ENPP) family: Tidying up diversity
title Structure and function of the ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase (ENPP) family: Tidying up diversity
title_full Structure and function of the ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase (ENPP) family: Tidying up diversity
title_fullStr Structure and function of the ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase (ENPP) family: Tidying up diversity
title_full_unstemmed Structure and function of the ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase (ENPP) family: Tidying up diversity
title_short Structure and function of the ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase (ENPP) family: Tidying up diversity
title_sort structure and function of the ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase (enpp) family: tidying up diversity
topic JBC Reviews
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8808174/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34958798
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101526
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