Das Hepatitis-E-Virus – ein zoonotisches Virus: Verbreitung, Übertragungswege und Bedeutung für die Lebensmittelsicherheit

The hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an etiological agent of acute hepatitis in humans. In addition, chronic infections resulting in fatal liver cirrhosis currently emerge in immunosuppressed transplant patients. The number of notified hepatitis E cases in Germany has steeply increased in recent years. Here, genotype 3, which can be zoonotically transmitted from animals to humans, is predominant. The main reservoirs are pigs and wild boars, which show no signs of infection. In this article, the distribution of HEV in animals in Germany, possible transmission pathways, and especially the importance of food as a transmission vehicle are presented based on the current scientific literature. HEV is widely spread among domestic pigs and wild boars in Germany and the virus is mainly transmitted by direct contact or by consumption of food produced from those animals. However, if HEV RNA is detected in specific food it is often unclear whether the contained virus is still infectious or inactivated by the conditions during production. Recent studies indicate a high stability of HEV against different physicochemical conditions, whereas – among others – the virus can be efficiently inactivated by heating. Therefore, proper heating of pork meat and liver prior to consumption in general is recommended. For risk groups, avoiding shortly cured raw sausages is an additional suggestion. Further research is necessary to identify relevant risk food products, to investigate alternative transmission pathways, and to develop efficient measures in order to reduce or prevent zoonotic transmissions of the virus in future.