Free-breathing 3D Stack of Stars GRE (StarVIBE) sequence for detecting pulmonary nodules in (18)F-FDG PET/MRI

BACKGROUND: The free-breathing T1-weighted 3D Stack of Stars GRE (StarVIBE) MR sequence potentially reduces artifacts in chest MRI. The purpose of this study was to evaluate StarVIBE for the detection of pulmonary nodules in (18)F-FDG PET/MRI. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this retrospective analysis, conducted on a prospective clinical trial cohort, 88 consecutive women with newly diagnosed breast cancer underwent both contrast-enhanced whole-body (18)F-FDG PET/MRI and computed tomography (CT). Patients’ chests were examined on CT as well as on StarVIBE and conventional T1-weighted VIBE and T2-weighted HASTE MR sequences, with CT serving as the reference standard. Presence, size, and location of all detectable lung nodules were assessed. Wilcoxon test was applied to compare nodule features and Pearson’s, and Spearman’s correlation coefficients were calculated. RESULTS: Out of 65 lung nodules detected in 36 patients with CT (3.7 ± 1.4 mm), StarVIBE was able to detect 31 (47.7%), VIBE 26 (40%) and HASTE 11 (16.8%), respectively. Overall, CT showed a significantly higher detectability than all MRI sequences combined (65 vs. 36, difference 44.6%, p < 0.001). The VIBE showed a significantly better detection rate than the HASTE (23.1%, p = 0.001). Detection rates between StarVIBE and VIBE did not significantly differ (7.7%, p = 0.27), but the StarVIBE showed a significant advantage detecting centrally located pulmonary nodules (66.7% vs. 16.7%, p = 0.031). There was a strong correlation in nodule size between CT and MRI sequences (HASTE: ρ = 0.80, p = 0.003; VIBE: ρ = 0.77, p < 0.001; StarVIBE: ρ = 0.78, p < 0.001). Mean image quality was rated as good to excellent for CT and MRI sequences. CONCLUSION: The overall lung nodule detection rate of StarVIBE was slightly, but not significantly, higher than conventional T1w VIBE and significantly higher than T2w HASTE. Detectability of centrally located nodules is better with StarVIBE than with VIBE. Nevertheless, all MRI analyses demonstrated considerably lower detection rates for small lung nodules, when compared to CT.