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Evidence for the Rapid and Divergent Evolution of Mycoplasmas: Structural and Phylogenetic Analysis of Enolases
Mycoplasmas are a group of prokaryotes without cell walls that have evolved through several rounds of degenerative evolution. With a low cell DNA G + C content and definitively long genetic lineages, mycoplasmas are thought to be in a state of rapid evolution. However, little associated evidence has...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8822174/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35145997 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmolb.2021.811106 |
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author | Chen, Rong Zhao, Lin Gan, Rong Feng, Zhixin Cui, Chenxi Xie, Xing Hao, Fei Zhang, Zhenzhen Wang, Li Ran, Tingting Wang, Weiwu Zhang, Shuijun Li, Yufeng Zhang, Wei Pang, Maoda Xiong, Qiyan Shao, Guoqing |
author_facet | Chen, Rong Zhao, Lin Gan, Rong Feng, Zhixin Cui, Chenxi Xie, Xing Hao, Fei Zhang, Zhenzhen Wang, Li Ran, Tingting Wang, Weiwu Zhang, Shuijun Li, Yufeng Zhang, Wei Pang, Maoda Xiong, Qiyan Shao, Guoqing |
author_sort | Chen, Rong |
collection | PubMed |
description | Mycoplasmas are a group of prokaryotes without cell walls that have evolved through several rounds of degenerative evolution. With a low cell DNA G + C content and definitively long genetic lineages, mycoplasmas are thought to be in a state of rapid evolution. However, little associated evidence has been provided. Enolase is a key enzyme in glycolysis that is widely found in all species from the three domains, and it is evolutionarily conserved. In our previous studies, enolase acted as a virulence factor and participated in cell-surface adhesion in Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Furthermore, unique loop regions were first found in the crystal structure of Mhp Eno. Here, enolase structures from Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Mycoplasma bovis were determined. An extra helix 7 is specific and conservatively found in almost all mycoplasma enolases, as confirmed by crystal structures and sequence alignment. Particular motifs for helix 7, which is composed of F-K/G-K-L/F-K-X-A-I, have been proposed and could be regarded as molecular markers. To our surprise, the genetic distances between any two mycoplasma enolases were obviously longer than those between the two corresponding species themselves, indicating divergent evolution of mycoplasma enolases, whereas no horizontal gene transfer was detected in mycoplasma enolase genens. Furthermore, different evolutionary patterns were adopted by different loop regions of mycoplasma enolase. Enolases from different Mycoplasma species also showed different affinities for PLG and fibronectin. Our results indicate the rapid and divergent evolution of mycoplasma enolase and mycoplasmas. This study will also aid understanding the independent evolution of Mycoplasma species after separation from their common ancestor. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8822174 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-88221742022-02-09 Evidence for the Rapid and Divergent Evolution of Mycoplasmas: Structural and Phylogenetic Analysis of Enolases Chen, Rong Zhao, Lin Gan, Rong Feng, Zhixin Cui, Chenxi Xie, Xing Hao, Fei Zhang, Zhenzhen Wang, Li Ran, Tingting Wang, Weiwu Zhang, Shuijun Li, Yufeng Zhang, Wei Pang, Maoda Xiong, Qiyan Shao, Guoqing Front Mol Biosci Molecular Biosciences Mycoplasmas are a group of prokaryotes without cell walls that have evolved through several rounds of degenerative evolution. With a low cell DNA G + C content and definitively long genetic lineages, mycoplasmas are thought to be in a state of rapid evolution. However, little associated evidence has been provided. Enolase is a key enzyme in glycolysis that is widely found in all species from the three domains, and it is evolutionarily conserved. In our previous studies, enolase acted as a virulence factor and participated in cell-surface adhesion in Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Furthermore, unique loop regions were first found in the crystal structure of Mhp Eno. Here, enolase structures from Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Mycoplasma bovis were determined. An extra helix 7 is specific and conservatively found in almost all mycoplasma enolases, as confirmed by crystal structures and sequence alignment. Particular motifs for helix 7, which is composed of F-K/G-K-L/F-K-X-A-I, have been proposed and could be regarded as molecular markers. To our surprise, the genetic distances between any two mycoplasma enolases were obviously longer than those between the two corresponding species themselves, indicating divergent evolution of mycoplasma enolases, whereas no horizontal gene transfer was detected in mycoplasma enolase genens. Furthermore, different evolutionary patterns were adopted by different loop regions of mycoplasma enolase. Enolases from different Mycoplasma species also showed different affinities for PLG and fibronectin. Our results indicate the rapid and divergent evolution of mycoplasma enolase and mycoplasmas. This study will also aid understanding the independent evolution of Mycoplasma species after separation from their common ancestor. Frontiers Media S.A. 2022-01-25 /pmc/articles/PMC8822174/ /pubmed/35145997 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmolb.2021.811106 Text en Copyright © 2022 Chen, Zhao, Gan, Feng, Cui, Xie, Hao, Zhang, Wang, Ran, Wang, Zhang, Li, Zhang, Pang, Xiong and Shao. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Molecular Biosciences Chen, Rong Zhao, Lin Gan, Rong Feng, Zhixin Cui, Chenxi Xie, Xing Hao, Fei Zhang, Zhenzhen Wang, Li Ran, Tingting Wang, Weiwu Zhang, Shuijun Li, Yufeng Zhang, Wei Pang, Maoda Xiong, Qiyan Shao, Guoqing Evidence for the Rapid and Divergent Evolution of Mycoplasmas: Structural and Phylogenetic Analysis of Enolases |
title | Evidence for the Rapid and Divergent Evolution of Mycoplasmas: Structural and Phylogenetic Analysis of Enolases |
title_full | Evidence for the Rapid and Divergent Evolution of Mycoplasmas: Structural and Phylogenetic Analysis of Enolases |
title_fullStr | Evidence for the Rapid and Divergent Evolution of Mycoplasmas: Structural and Phylogenetic Analysis of Enolases |
title_full_unstemmed | Evidence for the Rapid and Divergent Evolution of Mycoplasmas: Structural and Phylogenetic Analysis of Enolases |
title_short | Evidence for the Rapid and Divergent Evolution of Mycoplasmas: Structural and Phylogenetic Analysis of Enolases |
title_sort | evidence for the rapid and divergent evolution of mycoplasmas: structural and phylogenetic analysis of enolases |
topic | Molecular Biosciences |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8822174/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35145997 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmolb.2021.811106 |
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