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Machine Learning-Based Assessment of Cognitive Impairment Using Time-Resolved Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Basic Blood Test

We have demonstrated that machine learning allows us to predict cognitive function in aged people using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) data or basic blood test data. However, the following points are not yet clear: first, whether there are differences in prediction accuracy between NIRS and blood...

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Autores principales: Oyama, Katsunori, Sakatani, Kaoru
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8828578/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35153965
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2021.624063
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author Oyama, Katsunori
Sakatani, Kaoru
author_facet Oyama, Katsunori
Sakatani, Kaoru
author_sort Oyama, Katsunori
collection PubMed
description We have demonstrated that machine learning allows us to predict cognitive function in aged people using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) data or basic blood test data. However, the following points are not yet clear: first, whether there are differences in prediction accuracy between NIRS and blood test data; second, whether there are differences in prediction accuracy for cognitive function in linear models and non-linear models; and third, whether there are changes in prediction accuracy when both NIRS and blood test data are added to the input layer. We used a linear regression model (LR) for the linear model and random forest (RF) and deep neural network (DNN) for the non-linear model. We studied 250 participants (mean age = 73.3 ± 12.6 years) and assessed cognitive function using the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) (mean MMSE scores = 22.9 ± 6.1). We used time-resolved NIRS (TNIRS) to measure absolute concentrations of hemoglobin and optical pathlength at rest in the bilateral prefrontal cortices. A basic blood test was performed on the same day. We compared predicted MMSE scores and grand truth MMSE scores; prediction accuracies were evaluated using mean absolute error (MAE) and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). We found that (1) the DNN-based prediction using TNIRS data exhibited lower MAE and MAPE compared with those using blood test data, (2) the difference in MAPE between TNIRS and blood test data was only 0.3%, (3) adding TNIRS data to the blood test data of the input layer only improved MAPE by 1.0% compared to the use of blood test data alone, whereas the use of the blood test data alone exhibited the prediction accuracy with 81.8% sensitivity and 91.3% specificity (N = 202, repeated five-fold cross validation). Given these findings and the benefits of using blood test data (low cost and large-scale screening possible), we concluded that the DNN model using blood test data is still the most suitable for mass screening.
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spelling pubmed-88285782022-02-11 Machine Learning-Based Assessment of Cognitive Impairment Using Time-Resolved Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Basic Blood Test Oyama, Katsunori Sakatani, Kaoru Front Neurol Neurology We have demonstrated that machine learning allows us to predict cognitive function in aged people using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) data or basic blood test data. However, the following points are not yet clear: first, whether there are differences in prediction accuracy between NIRS and blood test data; second, whether there are differences in prediction accuracy for cognitive function in linear models and non-linear models; and third, whether there are changes in prediction accuracy when both NIRS and blood test data are added to the input layer. We used a linear regression model (LR) for the linear model and random forest (RF) and deep neural network (DNN) for the non-linear model. We studied 250 participants (mean age = 73.3 ± 12.6 years) and assessed cognitive function using the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) (mean MMSE scores = 22.9 ± 6.1). We used time-resolved NIRS (TNIRS) to measure absolute concentrations of hemoglobin and optical pathlength at rest in the bilateral prefrontal cortices. A basic blood test was performed on the same day. We compared predicted MMSE scores and grand truth MMSE scores; prediction accuracies were evaluated using mean absolute error (MAE) and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). We found that (1) the DNN-based prediction using TNIRS data exhibited lower MAE and MAPE compared with those using blood test data, (2) the difference in MAPE between TNIRS and blood test data was only 0.3%, (3) adding TNIRS data to the blood test data of the input layer only improved MAPE by 1.0% compared to the use of blood test data alone, whereas the use of the blood test data alone exhibited the prediction accuracy with 81.8% sensitivity and 91.3% specificity (N = 202, repeated five-fold cross validation). Given these findings and the benefits of using blood test data (low cost and large-scale screening possible), we concluded that the DNN model using blood test data is still the most suitable for mass screening. Frontiers Media S.A. 2022-01-27 /pmc/articles/PMC8828578/ /pubmed/35153965 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2021.624063 Text en Copyright © 2022 Oyama and Sakatani. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Neurology
Oyama, Katsunori
Sakatani, Kaoru
Machine Learning-Based Assessment of Cognitive Impairment Using Time-Resolved Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Basic Blood Test
title Machine Learning-Based Assessment of Cognitive Impairment Using Time-Resolved Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Basic Blood Test
title_full Machine Learning-Based Assessment of Cognitive Impairment Using Time-Resolved Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Basic Blood Test
title_fullStr Machine Learning-Based Assessment of Cognitive Impairment Using Time-Resolved Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Basic Blood Test
title_full_unstemmed Machine Learning-Based Assessment of Cognitive Impairment Using Time-Resolved Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Basic Blood Test
title_short Machine Learning-Based Assessment of Cognitive Impairment Using Time-Resolved Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Basic Blood Test
title_sort machine learning-based assessment of cognitive impairment using time-resolved near-infrared spectroscopy and basic blood test
topic Neurology
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8828578/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35153965
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2021.624063
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