Cargando…
Imaging Erythrocyte Sedimentation in Whole Blood
The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is one of the oldest medical diagnostic tools. However, currently there is some debate on the structure formed by the cells during the sedimentation process. While the conventional view is that erythrocytes sediment as separate aggregates, others have suggest...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , |
---|---|
Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2022
|
Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8832033/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35153805 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.729191 |
_version_ | 1784648639527780352 |
---|---|
author | Darras, Alexis Breunig, Hans Georg John, Thomas Zhao, Renping Koch, Johannes Kummerow, Carsten König, Karsten Wagner, Christian Kaestner, Lars |
author_facet | Darras, Alexis Breunig, Hans Georg John, Thomas Zhao, Renping Koch, Johannes Kummerow, Carsten König, Karsten Wagner, Christian Kaestner, Lars |
author_sort | Darras, Alexis |
collection | PubMed |
description | The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is one of the oldest medical diagnostic tools. However, currently there is some debate on the structure formed by the cells during the sedimentation process. While the conventional view is that erythrocytes sediment as separate aggregates, others have suggested that they form a percolating gel, similar to other colloidal suspensions. However, visualization of aggregated erythrocytes, which would settle the question, has always been challenging. Direct methods usually study erythrocytes in 2D situations or low hematocrit (∼1%). Indirect methods, such as scattering or electric measurements, provide insight on the suspension evolution, but cannot directly discriminate between open or percolating structures. Here, we achieved a direct probing of the structures formed by erythrocytes in blood at stasis. We focused on blood samples at rest with controlled hematocrit of 45%, from healthy donors, and report observations from three different optical imaging techniques: direct light transmission through thin samples, two-photon microscopy and light-sheet microscopy. The three techniques, used in geometries with thickness from 150 μm to 3 mm, highlight that erythrocytes form a continuous network with characteristic cracks, i.e., a colloidal gel. The characteristic distance between the main cracks is of the order of ∼100 μm. A complete description of the structure then requires a field of view of the order of ∼1 mm, in order to obtain a statistically relevant number of structural elements. A quantitative analysis of the erythrocyte related processes and interactions during the sedimentation need a further refinement of the experimental set-ups. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8832033 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-88320332022-02-12 Imaging Erythrocyte Sedimentation in Whole Blood Darras, Alexis Breunig, Hans Georg John, Thomas Zhao, Renping Koch, Johannes Kummerow, Carsten König, Karsten Wagner, Christian Kaestner, Lars Front Physiol Physiology The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is one of the oldest medical diagnostic tools. However, currently there is some debate on the structure formed by the cells during the sedimentation process. While the conventional view is that erythrocytes sediment as separate aggregates, others have suggested that they form a percolating gel, similar to other colloidal suspensions. However, visualization of aggregated erythrocytes, which would settle the question, has always been challenging. Direct methods usually study erythrocytes in 2D situations or low hematocrit (∼1%). Indirect methods, such as scattering or electric measurements, provide insight on the suspension evolution, but cannot directly discriminate between open or percolating structures. Here, we achieved a direct probing of the structures formed by erythrocytes in blood at stasis. We focused on blood samples at rest with controlled hematocrit of 45%, from healthy donors, and report observations from three different optical imaging techniques: direct light transmission through thin samples, two-photon microscopy and light-sheet microscopy. The three techniques, used in geometries with thickness from 150 μm to 3 mm, highlight that erythrocytes form a continuous network with characteristic cracks, i.e., a colloidal gel. The characteristic distance between the main cracks is of the order of ∼100 μm. A complete description of the structure then requires a field of view of the order of ∼1 mm, in order to obtain a statistically relevant number of structural elements. A quantitative analysis of the erythrocyte related processes and interactions during the sedimentation need a further refinement of the experimental set-ups. Frontiers Media S.A. 2022-01-28 /pmc/articles/PMC8832033/ /pubmed/35153805 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.729191 Text en Copyright © 2022 Darras, Breunig, John, Zhao, Koch, Kummerow, König, Wagner and Kaestner. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Physiology Darras, Alexis Breunig, Hans Georg John, Thomas Zhao, Renping Koch, Johannes Kummerow, Carsten König, Karsten Wagner, Christian Kaestner, Lars Imaging Erythrocyte Sedimentation in Whole Blood |
title | Imaging Erythrocyte Sedimentation in Whole Blood |
title_full | Imaging Erythrocyte Sedimentation in Whole Blood |
title_fullStr | Imaging Erythrocyte Sedimentation in Whole Blood |
title_full_unstemmed | Imaging Erythrocyte Sedimentation in Whole Blood |
title_short | Imaging Erythrocyte Sedimentation in Whole Blood |
title_sort | imaging erythrocyte sedimentation in whole blood |
topic | Physiology |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8832033/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35153805 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.729191 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT darrasalexis imagingerythrocytesedimentationinwholeblood AT breunighansgeorg imagingerythrocytesedimentationinwholeblood AT johnthomas imagingerythrocytesedimentationinwholeblood AT zhaorenping imagingerythrocytesedimentationinwholeblood AT kochjohannes imagingerythrocytesedimentationinwholeblood AT kummerowcarsten imagingerythrocytesedimentationinwholeblood AT konigkarsten imagingerythrocytesedimentationinwholeblood AT wagnerchristian imagingerythrocytesedimentationinwholeblood AT kaestnerlars imagingerythrocytesedimentationinwholeblood |