Causes, clinical findings and therapeutic options in chylomicronemia syndrome, a special form of hypertriglyceridemia

The prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia has been increasing worldwide. Attention is drawn to the fact that the frequency of a special hypertriglyceridemia entity, named chylomicronemia syndrome, is variable among its different forms. The monogenic form, termed familial chylomicronemia syndrome, is rare, occuring in 1 in every 1 million persons. On the other hand, the prevalence of the polygenic form of chylomicronemia syndrome is around 1:600. On the basis of the genetical alterations, other factors, such as obesity, alcohol consumption, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus and certain drugs may significantly contribute to the development of the multifactorial form. In this review, we aimed to highlight the recent findings about the clinical and laboratory features, differential diagnosis, as well as the epidemiology of the monogenic and polygenic forms of chylomicronemias. Regarding the therapy, differentiation between the two types of the chylomicronemia syndrome is essential, as well. Thus, proper treatment options of chylomicronemia and hypertriglyceridemia will be also summarized, emphasizing the newest therapeutic approaches, as novel agents may offer solution for the effective treatment of these conditions.