Expression of 3-Methylcrotonyl-CoA Carboxylase in Brain Tumors and Capability to Catabolize Leucine by Human Neural Cancer Cells

SIMPLE SUMMARY: Leucine is a ketogenic amino acid that is essential for sustaining cellular metabolism. To understand the leucine catabolizing capability of brain cancer cells, in this study, we evaluated the leucine removing ability of human glioma, glioblastoma, and neuroblastoma cells from their culture media. In addition, we also studied the generation of 2-oxoisocaproate, ketone bodies, and citrate. Further, we applied immunoprobing methods to evaluate the expression of 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase (MCC) in cultured cells, and also in the human glioblastoma, astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma, and meningioma forming cells. Our results show that human cancer cells, in culture or in situ, express MCC and catabolize leucine. These results indicate that brain cancer cells could employ leucine catabolites as a substrate for their metabolism. ABSTRACT: Leucine is an essential, ketogenic amino acid with proteinogenic, metabolic, and signaling roles. It is readily imported from the bloodstream into the brain parenchyma. Therefore, it could serve as a putative substrate that is complementing glucose for sustaining the metabolic needs of brain tumor cells. Here, we investigated the ability of cultured human cancer cells to metabolize leucine. Indeed, cancer cells dispose of leucine from their environment and enrich their media with the metabolite 2-oxoisocaproate. The enrichment of the culture media with a high level of leucine stimulated the production of 3-hydroxybutyrate. When (13)C(6)-leucine was offered, it led to an increased appearance of the heavier citrate isotope with a molar mass greater by two units in the culture media. The expression of 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase (MCC), an enzyme characteristic for the irreversible part of the leucine catabolic pathway, was detected in cultured cancer cells and human tumor samples by immunoprobing methods. Our results demonstrate that these cancer cells can catabolize leucine and furnish its carbon atoms into the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Furthermore, the release of 3-hydroxybutyrate and citrate by cancer cells suggests their capability to exchange these metabolites with their milieu and the capability to participate in their metabolism. This indicates that leucine could be an additional substrate for cancer cell metabolism in the brain parenchyma. In this way, leucine could potentially contribute to the synthesis of metabolites such as lipids, which require the withdrawal of citrate from the TCA cycle.