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A Guide to Different Intensities of Exercise, Vaccination, and Sports Nutrition in the Course of Preparing Elite Athletes for the Management of Upper Respiratory Infections during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Narrative Review

Elite athletes use high-intensity training to maintain their fitness level. However, intense training can harm the immune system, making athletes suspectable to COVID-19 and negatively affecting their performance. In addition, the diet of athletes should be appreciated more as it is another influenc...

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Autores principales: Agha-Alinejad, Hamid, Ahmadi Hekmatikar, Amir Hossein, Ruhee, Ruheea Taskin, Shamsi, Mahdieh Molanouri, Rahmati, Masoud, Khoramipour, Kayvan, Suzuki, Katsuhiko
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8835175/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35162910
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031888
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author Agha-Alinejad, Hamid
Ahmadi Hekmatikar, Amir Hossein
Ruhee, Ruheea Taskin
Shamsi, Mahdieh Molanouri
Rahmati, Masoud
Khoramipour, Kayvan
Suzuki, Katsuhiko
author_facet Agha-Alinejad, Hamid
Ahmadi Hekmatikar, Amir Hossein
Ruhee, Ruheea Taskin
Shamsi, Mahdieh Molanouri
Rahmati, Masoud
Khoramipour, Kayvan
Suzuki, Katsuhiko
author_sort Agha-Alinejad, Hamid
collection PubMed
description Elite athletes use high-intensity training to maintain their fitness level. However, intense training can harm the immune system, making athletes suspectable to COVID-19 and negatively affecting their performance. In addition, the diet of athletes should be appreciated more as it is another influencer of the immune system, especially during the COVID 19 pandemic. The other important issue elite athletes face currently is vaccination and its possible intervention with their training. The present study attempts to discuss the impact of different training intensities, nutritional strategies, and vaccination on the immune system function in elite athletes. To this end, Scopus, ISC, PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases were searched from 1988 to 2021 using the related keywords. The results of our review showed that although high-intensity exercise can suppress the immune system, elite athletes should not stop training in the time of infection but use low- and moderate-intensity training. Moderate-intensity exercise can improve immune function and maintain physical fitness. In addition, it is also better for athletes not to undertake high-intensity training at the time of vaccination, but instead perform moderate to low-intensity training. Furthermore, nutritional strategies can be employed to improve immune function during high-intensity training periods.
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spelling pubmed-88351752022-02-12 A Guide to Different Intensities of Exercise, Vaccination, and Sports Nutrition in the Course of Preparing Elite Athletes for the Management of Upper Respiratory Infections during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Narrative Review Agha-Alinejad, Hamid Ahmadi Hekmatikar, Amir Hossein Ruhee, Ruheea Taskin Shamsi, Mahdieh Molanouri Rahmati, Masoud Khoramipour, Kayvan Suzuki, Katsuhiko Int J Environ Res Public Health Review Elite athletes use high-intensity training to maintain their fitness level. However, intense training can harm the immune system, making athletes suspectable to COVID-19 and negatively affecting their performance. In addition, the diet of athletes should be appreciated more as it is another influencer of the immune system, especially during the COVID 19 pandemic. The other important issue elite athletes face currently is vaccination and its possible intervention with their training. The present study attempts to discuss the impact of different training intensities, nutritional strategies, and vaccination on the immune system function in elite athletes. To this end, Scopus, ISC, PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases were searched from 1988 to 2021 using the related keywords. The results of our review showed that although high-intensity exercise can suppress the immune system, elite athletes should not stop training in the time of infection but use low- and moderate-intensity training. Moderate-intensity exercise can improve immune function and maintain physical fitness. In addition, it is also better for athletes not to undertake high-intensity training at the time of vaccination, but instead perform moderate to low-intensity training. Furthermore, nutritional strategies can be employed to improve immune function during high-intensity training periods. MDPI 2022-02-08 /pmc/articles/PMC8835175/ /pubmed/35162910 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031888 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Agha-Alinejad, Hamid
Ahmadi Hekmatikar, Amir Hossein
Ruhee, Ruheea Taskin
Shamsi, Mahdieh Molanouri
Rahmati, Masoud
Khoramipour, Kayvan
Suzuki, Katsuhiko
A Guide to Different Intensities of Exercise, Vaccination, and Sports Nutrition in the Course of Preparing Elite Athletes for the Management of Upper Respiratory Infections during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Narrative Review
title A Guide to Different Intensities of Exercise, Vaccination, and Sports Nutrition in the Course of Preparing Elite Athletes for the Management of Upper Respiratory Infections during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Narrative Review
title_full A Guide to Different Intensities of Exercise, Vaccination, and Sports Nutrition in the Course of Preparing Elite Athletes for the Management of Upper Respiratory Infections during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Narrative Review
title_fullStr A Guide to Different Intensities of Exercise, Vaccination, and Sports Nutrition in the Course of Preparing Elite Athletes for the Management of Upper Respiratory Infections during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Narrative Review
title_full_unstemmed A Guide to Different Intensities of Exercise, Vaccination, and Sports Nutrition in the Course of Preparing Elite Athletes for the Management of Upper Respiratory Infections during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Narrative Review
title_short A Guide to Different Intensities of Exercise, Vaccination, and Sports Nutrition in the Course of Preparing Elite Athletes for the Management of Upper Respiratory Infections during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Narrative Review
title_sort guide to different intensities of exercise, vaccination, and sports nutrition in the course of preparing elite athletes for the management of upper respiratory infections during the covid-19 pandemic: a narrative review
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8835175/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35162910
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031888
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